The Effect Of Scaffolds On Bone Tissue Engineering

"Several medical companies are developing new porous coatings for implants that promote and increase bone ingrowth and reduce bone shielding effects by the use of titanium-based foams or scaffolds," he explained. "Today's technology works by plasmaspraying the powder onto the implant.

Nanometer-sized silica particles were fused onto the whiskers to facilitate silanization, minimize whisker entanglement and enhance whisker retention in the resin matrix by roughening the whisker surfaces. These whisker composites demonstrated flexural strength and fracture toughness values nearly twofold those of currently available dental composites.(401) They showed superior performance in thermal cycling between 5 and 60°C water baths up to 105 cycles, long-term water aging for 2 years, and three-body wear. An in vitro biocompatibility study showed that the whisker composites were non-cytotoxic and supported cell attachment and

Based on color, the cartilage was whitish in color while the bone was cream colored. The cartilage was relatively more flexible than the bone. On composition, bone is made up of calcium while cartilage is made up of hyaline materials. Upon piercing with a knife, the bone is resistant to piercing. On application of more force, it cracks and breaks unevenly as compared to the cartilage that is less resistant to piercing and was cut clean through upon application of a relatively lesser

Michael Longaker’s interests lie at the intersection of wound/bone regeneration and stem cell biology. In the Peripheral Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Candidate Cells Responsible for Healing Critical-Sized Calvarial Bone Defects, the efficacy of peripheral blood (PB) for use in regenerative medicine is significant, with its retrieval viewed as relatively easy. Experiments such as bone regeneration were carried out with the use of PB stem cells. The paper finds that through a specific coculturing process mesenchymal cells can be derived from PB (CD34+) which happen to be choice candidates for quicker bone healing and re-calcification in bone defects (Li). The key discoveries here are the identification of easily retrievable source of stem cells, which help give rise, under a specific culturing protocol, to a specific group of non-hematopoietic cells. This is directly in line with Dr. Longaker’s research as he investigates the possible uses of regenerative medicine in skeletal regeneration. Here we are provided an example of how these CD45- cells can be utilized for treatment of bone defects as it facilitations bone formation and osteogenesis. What should be asked here is how viable is this form of treatment. There is a lot of discussion surrounding the necessary conditions to produce these BD-MSCs and how it is very condition dependent. It would have been preferable to know the amount of time and the amount of cells required to see efficient

Type I collagen clearly contributes to the integrity and strength of bone matrix, and defects in its production leads to bone of poor quality, susceptible to fracture( Kini and Nandeesh 2012). Type I collagen is a triple helical structure consisting of two identical a1 chains and one a2 chain with a non-helical region where the N-telopeptide and C-telopeptide join to the crosslinks (Brown et al.,2009; Bergmann et al., 2009 ; Seibel 2005). During type I collagen synthesis, pro-peptides are released both from the N-terminal and C-terminal ends of the procollagen molecule, after the three individual alpha chains have created the triple helix, which will become part of the collagen fibril( Kini and Nandeesh

To observe the structures of cortical and trabecular bones, the slices were observed with a Leitz Laborlux 11 with a magnification of 25X and were imaged under a magnification of 10X. Biomaterials is used alongside research of human bones. A variety of synthetic bone grafts have been utilized to fill bone defects as well as strengthen, repair and improve damaged bones. The trabecular bone structure was witnessed to that of a traditional trabecular structure with the white sections of the bones, seen in Figure 1, to be the close packed bone cells with the grey sections to be the pores, or lighter bones section, to allow less weight in the trabecular bone structure. The trabecular bone requires maximum strength with minimum mass to sustain high mineral surface area. The mineral surface area of a trabecular bone allows for cellular interaction with bone mineral material at the ends of human bones.

The attending of osteo-chondral complex tissue was similarly studied in vivo utilize a complex framework formed HA/collagen primer FGF2. FGF2 was infused inside the HA/collagen platform and after that enclosed into the osteo-chondral perfection in a rabbit femoral knee. In the times of implantation through 4 to 25 weeks, FGF2-treated platform amass showed incredibly improved bone recovery and attractive ligament recovery, proposing that the HA/collagen composite is a decent possibility for conveying FGF2 amid the recovery of osteochondral deformity.

From the background provided on trabecular bone biology and tissue properties, the major highlights included: cell populations, mechanosensation, mechanotransduction, tissue composition, and tissue elastic properties. In the cellular matrix of trabecular bone, three main multicellular units, osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes, exist. Osteoclasts function in bone resorption as part of the bone remodeling process.

The overall goal of this proposal is to develop a composite scaffold that integrates growth factors to overcome neuron growth-preventing factors attributed to glial scarring in injuries to the central nervous system (CNS). The environment formed from glial scarring is inhibitory to the development and survival of cells that are implanted at the site of injury, chiefly due to the inability of axons to extend through glial scars. However, glial scarring is necessary to protect brain tissue from infection and to prevent additional cell damage. Hence, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine approaches for effective treatment of CNS injuries are subject to extensive investigation, but an optimal method is yet to be established due to difficulties in overcoming the glial scar barrier. Therefore, this proposal aims to establish such a method and take a large step towards an effective CNS injury treatment.

Bones are dynamic and are made up of proteins and minerals. A major protein in the bone is collagen. Minerals include, calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. The combination of these proteins and minerals is what gives bones strength and the capability to endure stress, which serves as protection against potential breaks or tears in the bone. Calcium is stored in bones and is what gives strength to bones. Although a majority of the calcium is stored in the bones, there is still a slight amount traveling in the blood. Throughout lifetime, bones are continually being resorbed and formed, meaning that minerals are continually being resorbed into the bloodstream, and minerals, particularly calcium, are being renewed into the bone. (Hinkle & Cheever,

Bones are generally composed of 50-70% mineral, 20-40% collagen, 5-10% water, and less than 3% lipids. Hydroxylapatite containing small amounts of magnesium, acid phosphate, and carbonate are normally present in the mineral content of bones. Hydroxylapatite is composed of 38% calcium, 18% phosphorous, and trace amounts of sodium and magnesium (0.6%). The method utilized to determine the minerals in bone

approaches for the treatment of bone defects can be overcome by the use of synthetic bone

Alloplasts are osteoconductive; i.e., they act as a scaffold and support new bone growth. But, they neither generate new bone nor induce new bone formation. Later, studies reported that the ceramic alloplast, bioactive glass, in addition to being osteoconductive, bonds directly to bone

However, a major surgical challenge is associated with large defects/critical size defects with limited intrinsic regenerative potential formed as a result of extensive soft tissue damage, insufficient surgical techniques, infections, and biomechanical instability. When the bone repair mechanism fails as a result of magnitude, infection or other causes, bone grafting has been shown to be a highly successful therapy. The motivation for research and the focus on translating bone engineering concepts into clinical application is rooted in the limitations associated with the growing, difficult orthopaedic, dental, and reconstructive surgery problems.

(Ca 10 [PO 4 ] 6 [OH]2 ) referred to as hydroxyapatite. The remaining third is dominated by collagen fibers, with osteocytes and proteoglycans contributing only around 2 percent.