The Effect Of Selenium On Fish On Freshwater Systems : A Scientific Literature Review

C: The article was first published in 1994 and revised on April 24, 2007. This indicates that the information in the article has previous and recent knowledge which suggests that it is current enough for the project.

     Heavy metals, such as copper, lead, mercury, and selenium are another group of toxins that pollute the water as well as the rest of the environment. The source of many of these pollutants are industries, automobile exhaust, mines, and even natural soil.

Use appropriate and scholarly sources in order to complete this assignment successfully, such as peer-reviewed literature and web sources that have .edu, .gov, and .org domain addresses. Wikipedia, and most .com sources are not considered to be of sufficient scholarly rigor.

There are many factors that contribute to Idaho’s pollution problem, but mining may be the biggest. Mining is a huge industry in Idaho, hence the nickname “The Gem State”. The biggest product from Idaho’s mines is silver. Silver mines are some of the largest polluters in the state. Bunker Hill, or Silver Valley, as the Coeur d’Alene region is known for its numerous mines, was recently named a Superfund site. A Superfund site is a site under protection for removal of toxic wastes by the EPA. Although that beautiful valley was also once known for its abundant wildlife, now the rivers are flooded with phosphorous, selenium, zinc, lead, silver, cadmium, and arsenic, all from tailings of several mines in the region. Lake Coeur d’Alene now contains over 70 million tons of toxic waste sediments in its bottom. This pollution has endangered people in the area for years. In Smelterville, where a smelter ran for nearly 100 years, a large number of people have been diagnosed with health complications caused by extremely high levels of lead and other toxins in their blood. These conditions, for most, have existed nearly all their lives. Many remember being ill for most of their childhood and on. In 1973, before the smelter was closed, the average lead toxin level per deciliter of blood in children tested was 70. A reading of 10 is considered high alert. Rocky Hill, who grew up in Smelterville and

The findings of this study may further contribute to the body of knowledge which may serve as bases for further research.

Copper is another pollutant that at very high levels is toxic and can cause vomiting, diarrhea, loss of strength or, for serious exposure, cirrhosis of the liver (Pure Water Services). In order for copper to metabolized the heavy metal zinc is needed. Zinc helps with copper breakdown but too much zinc can cause a copper deficiency which can also cause problems such as anemia. While copper has some severe side effects there have not been any cases that are related to cancer. In most cases throughout the Silver Bow Creek copper is not thought to be a severe threat to the community.

- Tests determined increase levels of arsenic, selenium and other metals in the surrounding waters and in sediment nearby.

In the past several decades years, human activities - particularly polluting the environment, have quickly revolutionized the complex life-forms. Atlantic Tomcod, for example, are now resistant to toxic PCBs (polychlorinated biphenuls) dumped in lake, rivers, and coastal waters during the 20th century. In addition, yellow perch, a type of Canadian fish, also managed to be adapt to 80 years of heavy metal. As you can see, these problems are now growing, where brown trout (Salmo trutta) living in England, are also facing the same problem. Areas where brown trout lives, have history of mining, “Dating back to the bronze age, and zinc, copper, tin, arsenic and other heavy metals, continue to get washed into the watercourse.” In fact, certain rivers

o Review of related literature: In what ways does the literature review support the need for this study?

The purpose of this article is to explain an investigation attempting to correlate negative behavioral effects observed in adult male fighting fish, Betta splendens, with exposure to waterborne phytoestrogens. The phytoestrogens the B. splendens were exposed to were genistein, equol, β-sitosterol, and 17 β-estradiol. Behavioral effects of exposure were analyzed by monitoring spontaneous swimming movements, amount of time it took to react to an alleged intruder, amount of aggression toward that alleged intruder, likelihood of building a nest whilst among a female B. splendens and the area of said nest. This study was conducted given there has been no research done on the behavioral biomarkers resulting from waterborne phytoestrogens as an environmental contaminant to aquatic species, even though these animals are the highest probability of experiencing phytoestrogen exposure in their natural habitats. Additionally, when considering phytoestrogens’ ability to cause reproductive and developmental malfunction in fishes, waterborne phytoestrogen’s presence in sewage treatment plants’ liquid waste, runoff from agricultural areas utilizing manure and wood pulp mills ' liquid waste is concerning.

Selenium is a color of gray. Berzelius discovered selenium in 1817. Selenium is a chemical element with symbol Se and atomic number 34. The atomic mass of selenium is 78.96 the, melting point is 429.5 degrees F. In Fact, Some of the most important physical characteristics of selenium are its electrical properties. Also, Selenium is not produced in the body, but it is needed for proper thyroid and immune system function. Selenium is used to treat or prevent selenium deficiency and selenium is in some foods such as as whole grains, Brazil nuts, sunflower seeds, and seafood.Selenium is known as an essential element which means it is essential for life in some species, including humans. The most stable form,crystalline selenium, is metallic gray.

The researchers in the beginning of the article discuss their literature review in order to inform the reader on the subject. Here, they use data from an array of sources, ranging from the current and primary sources, organizing

The well-edited text was attractively presented and accompanied by an extensive and up to date bibliography. The text, although readable and sometimes humorous the content and style borders on pretentious. This could be both negative and positive as it lends itself to being more entertaining and applicable to a contemporary audiences.

The research has made use of a number of academic sources so as to get some historical and current information concerning the topic. The importance of using the academic sources is that they are reliable and contain information that has been gathered by many writers thus making the research very successful. The

The Author attests that permission has been obtained for the use of any copy righted material appearing in the Project report other than brief excerpts requiring only proper acknowledgement in scholarly writing and all such use is acknowledged.