Part 1: Outline The Similarities And Differences Between The Studies - Bandura et al. (1963) &
Hayne et al. (2003)
Introduction
The impact of television exposure is relatively unknown in the recent decades. Therefore, large number of studies has been considered in order to find out the impact of television exposure on the behaviour of infants or children. According to the classic studies conducted by Bandura et. al (1963), the 3 to 5 years children continuously observe the aggressive behaviour of adult. Then they carry out the same aggressive behaviour in front of children, doll or other toys.
Consequently, children imitate the aggressive behaviour of the actor, and mimic it in the presence of other children. Comparatively, Hayne et. al (2003) states that 4 to15 month old imitate limited actions demonstrated by videotaped models. Hence, the focus of this task is on the difference and similarities between the studies of Bandura et al. (1963) & Hayne et al. (2003).
Discussion
Bandura et. al (1963) & Hayne et. al (2003)
The article “Imitation of film-mediated aggressive model”’ is written by Albert Bandura, Dorothea Ross, and Sheila A. Ross in 1963. On the basis of the article carried out by Bandura et. al (1963, p. 4), it is examine that 3 to 5 years old children continuously observe the aggressive behaviour of adult. Then they conduct the same aggressive behaviour in front of doll or other toys. This shows that aggressive behaviour of parents put adverse and negative impact
3) How did Dr. Bandura structure his study? Please provide a *detailed* response explaining his research design, including the independent and dependent variables and other controls, if used.
Violent media has been proven time and time again over the past 60 years to cause increased aggression in children and young adults. The long term and short term exposure to violent media has been shown to cause “increased feelings of hostility, expectations that others will behave aggressively, desensitization to the pain of others, and increased likelihood of interacting and responding to others with violence” (Committee on Public Education). One of the most famous experiments done on the subject was done in 1961 by the psychologist Albert Bandura at Stanford University. In this experiment children between the ages of three and six were put in a playroom containing a many activities and toys (Cherry). One of those toys was a bobo doll; a 5 foot tall inflatable doll. An adult would enter and either play with the child from a complete ten minutes, the control group, or at some point during those ten minutes begin beating up the doll, the experimental group. They would also say things such as “pow” and “he keeps coming back for more” while attacking it (Cherry).
In the modern world, the media plays a massive role in an individual’s life. Whether it be watching the news to gain knowledge about their surroundings or just watching daytime television for amusement, it is no question that watching television is one of the most popular pastimes. With a simple click of the remote, a million shows are available for the viewer to watch. Even though it is convenient, it contributes to a developing problem that only modern humans have come to face: the increasing number of aggressive attitudes and behavior found in children.
Since aggression is a prominent feature of many shows, children who have a high amount of exposure to the media may show a high degree of hostility themselves in imitation of the aggression they have witnessed. Bandura carried out a study on aggressive behaviour towards the Bobo doll. In the first stage of the study, children who had observed an adult model attack a Bobo doll were divided into three groups. Group 1 went straight into the playroom; Group 2 saw the model being rewarded for their aggression against the doll, while group 3 saw the adult model punished. In the second stage of the study, after the children had played with the doll, all the children were offered rewards to behave as the adult model had done.
Practically since the beginning of television many, parents, teachers, legislators and mental health professionals have desired to grasp the impact of television programs, mainly on children. Mainly on the concern has been the portrayal of violence, predominantly given by psychologist Albert Bandura's work in the 1970s on social learning and the tendency of children to imitate what they see. In general,” the more aggressive the people or films that children observe, the more aggressive the children act. Learning by watching and imitating others, rather than through one's own personal experiences, is called social learning. Later research has shown that viewing violent acts on TV and in the movies affects people in other negative ways: (1) It
The results of the study were that it was possible to predict aggression based on media exposure and that it significantly increased aggression. The study suggests that the more educational media exposure there is to children the more aggression is shown.
Parents play a significant role in their children’s life. How children grow up dictates the quality of life and the success they can achieve in their adulthood. Nobel Prize winner and University of Chicago professor James J Heckman once said, “Early learning begets later learning and early success breeds late success, just as early failure breeds later failure.” Parents establish a foundation for a child’s personality and education achievement. Most parents aspire to give their child a better life than their own. They devote a considerable amount of time and energy to ensure their child develops physically, mentally and emotionally. Parents depend on how they grew up themselves and their experience to
Bandura’s experiment is a true study, which is the only type of research that can determine causality (Belsky, 2013) – page 28); therefore, this study can determine causality. The results of the experiment show that when children are exposed to hostile models, they tend to also act aggressively. This study is important because it shows that children copy aggressive behaviors (Durkin, 1995). Implying that either exposure to violence thru TV or in real life environment, such as school or household, can lead to aggressive behaviors in children. Consequently, it is important that parents and caregivers avoid exposing children to violence.
Does violence on television have a negative effect on children and teenagers? The violence seen on television has had surprising negative effect. Violence shown on television causes children and teenagers to develop behavioral problems and learning disabilities. Such behavioral and learning problems include; language development, school performance / learning, cognitive development and their general behavior to others (Kinnear 27). In a study on the correlation between violence and television done with 1,565 teenage boys over a six-year period in London, William Belson, a British psychologist, found that every time a child saw someone being shot or killed on television they became less caring towards other people. William Belson also
Television is especially influential on the children of today. Thirty years ago, not every home had a television; they were considered a luxury that only the rich could afford. Now, most households have two televisions and children watch them incessantly. Many children's programs are extremely violent and a child can learn violent behavior from watching these programs. For example, about a month ago, in Norway, a small girl was beaten, stripped, and left to die by three boys aged 5, 6, and 6. When asked why
the Bandera’s Theory illustrates the Three Effects of Imitation for instance the modeling affect ,this can be explained when someone starts acquiring a new behavior. If a child continues to watch a martial arts tcv shows they are more prone to trying some off the moves that they see,it is human nature to imitate something or someone that attracts your intertset.This can open the door for Territoriality ,our text human puzzles defines this as Another explanation, attributed to ethologists, is based on the assumption that we are by nature aggressive. This explanation relies heavily on observations of aggression among nonhuman animals. It assumes that since aggression appears to be common among other animals, it must have a biological basis. This theory explains how certain stimuli in the environment can create a reason for aggression ,can sometimes be a survival characteristic .However, there is not clear evidence that humans have this ,but it is fair to say that we may have had instinctual tendencies .How can children be influenced by violence? ,when some children don’t ?.Research suggest children younger than eight may not be able to detruncate between reality or fantasy ,since children observe and imitating, and are able to adopt behaviors to different situations and environments ,it is concluded that media can influence children’s thoughts
As evidence has shown, children view many violent scenes while watching television, movies, or playing video games, but the question still remains: What psychological effect does violence in the media have on children? Research over the past 10 years has consistently shown that there is a cause-and-effect relationship between media violence and real-life aggression (Strasburger 129). Violence in the media can lead to aggressive behavior by children and teenagers who watch the various programs. Of course, not all children who watch television, or movies, or play video games develop aggressive behavior. However, there is a strong correlation between media violence and aggressive behavior. A study, published in the Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, examined how children's television viewing practices are related to aggressive behaviors. The results revealed that children who reported watching greater amounts of television per day had higher levels of violent behavior than children who reported lesser amounts of television viewing (Singer 1041). Witnessing violence is an important determining factor in violent behavior. The media serves as a means for children to witness violence. According to Bandura's Social Learning Theory, children imitate behavior that they see on television, especially if the person performing the behavior is attractive or if the
The presentation of the Frequency of Aggressive Responses by Children in Control Groups and Those Exposed to Aggressive and Non-aggressive Models shows a prominent difference in how children react to certain models, or lack of thereof. The research shows that children shown aggressive model treatment showed approximately 95% of aggressive responses, whereas the non-aggressive model group only showed 40% of aggressive responses. This shows that children who are presented with cartoon models are more likely to repeat such behaviour, although they are not taking part in the behaviour, or receiving a reward for repeating the behaviour. This study shows how the use of media can be used as a tool for helping individuals learn without
This perspective represents the dominant paradigm in TV research. In its crudest form the relationship between children and television is portrayed as a matter of single cause and direct effect, which puts this kind of research firmly in the behaviourist tradition: based on what's sometimes referred to as the 'magic bullet' theory. Approaches have become more sophisticated in recent decades, stressing such complicating factors as the variety of audiences, individual differences and the importance of 'intervening variables'. The early survey work in the 1950s by Wilbur Schramm and his colleagues in the US and by Hilde Himmelweit and her colleagues in Britain are remarkably cautious compared with many later studies.
Television is a big part of today’s society. Everybody watches television, including the children. There is a potential problem with letting children watch television. Ask this question, would someone let their own child watch some of the programming that they watch, too? Some of these programs are intended for the adult generation, not young children. Violence has a major role in television these days. Letting children watch this violence could corrupt their minds and eventually lead to bad behavior. There needs to be a limitation on the types of television programming that parents let their children watch, because violence in television can negatively affect children.