4.3 Design physics: The limiting factor on the speed of an air gun, fire arm, or light-gas gun is the speed of sound in the working fluid—the air, burning gunpowder, or a light gas. This is essentially because the projectile is accelerated by the pressure difference between its ends, and such a pressure wave cannot propagate any faster than the speed of sound in the medium. The speed of sound in helium is about three times that in air, and in hydrogen 3.8 times that in air. The speed of sound also increases with the temperature of the fluid (but is independent of the pressure), so the heat formed by the compression of the working fluid serves to increase the maximum possible speed. Spring piston airguns increase the temperature of the air in the chamber by adiabatic heating; this raises the local speed of sound enough to overcome frictional and other efficiency losses and propel the projectile at more than the speed of sound in the ambient conditions.
4.4 Impact profile:
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Obviously, a dense, narrow projectile will apply more pressure overall than a light and wide one. Looking at constant cross-sectional projectiles, researchers have recently begun to vary their projectiles' density as a function of length. Since the projectiles travel at a known velocity, changes in density as a function of length have a predictable relationship to the impact pressure applied as a function of time. With materials in a wide range of densities (from tungsten powder to glass microsphere) applied in thin layers, carefully made projectiles can be used in constant-pressure experiments, or even controlled compression–expansion–compression
The Ruger Air Magnum Combo is a break barrel, spring piston air rifle which gives hard-hitting power. It can attain an impressive velocity of 1400 fps, above average for its class. Some nice features of the rifle are the adjustable two-stage trigger and the automatic safety.
The U.S. civil war was the most bloody conflict that the U.S. had ever been involved in. It brought over 1,100,000 casualties from both sides, with over ninety percent of these casualties resulting from small- arms fire (Howey “Weaponry, the Rifle-Musket and the Minié ball”). The Minié Ball has been widely attributed to a majority of these cases. The Ball was a bullet developed by Claude-Étienne Minié and Henri-Gustave Delvigne in 1849 after the two French officers decided to improve on a currently existing design (HistoryNet “Minié Ball”). The pair also designed a rifle, a gun containing a barrel with grooves running in a corkscrew fashion along the length of the barrel. These grooves caught the bullet as it traveled down the barrel and spun it, greatly increasing the velocity and accuracy of the bullet as it left the barrel. Compared to the earlier musket balls, which bounced around in the barrel and exited at an unpredictable angle, it was much more accurate. When the bullet arrived in the United States, James Burton at the arsenal in Harper’s Ferry, Virginia, simplified the bullet into the .58 calibre widely used in the Civil War (Leonard “The Bullet That Changed History”). The ball, made of soft lead, featured a conical shape and a hollow center. This allowed it to expand to fit the barrel when shot out of the gun and easily engage the rifling, making it more aerodynamic and capable of flying at
A Rifle could shoot a bullet up to 1,000 yards–and were more accurate. However, until the 1850s it was nearly impossible to use these guns in battle because, since a rifle’s bullet had roughly the same diameter as its barrel, they took too long to load. (Soldiers sometimes had to pound the bullet into the barrel with a mallet.)
The higher the pressure, the harder and more firm the football becomes. Conversely, the lower the pressure, the more give the ball has, potentially making it easier to catch in cold, slick weather. But lighter balls are also more influenced by air resistance. (Pigskin Physics)
The railgun is a long-range gun that fires a rail to puncture steel and other materials. Rails can reach speeds of up to Mach 6. Mach is the measurement of speed, Mach 1 is the equivalent of 767 mph. The range of the rail gun is up to 100 plus miles greatly outranging the range of normal guns but the railgun is still in development.
Air trajectory is the physics of how an object moves through a “fluid” which can be a liquid or a gas. In the event of Air Trajectory, students launch projectiles a certain distance using gravitational energy in the form of a dropping weight. The involved science is more about the most efficient method of launch rather than how the projectile moves through the air.
Section Heading: The reason I think the golf ball will go the farthest is because it has the most density and density means “to have the degree of compactness of a substance.”I believe the tennis ball will go the second farthest because it has almost little density and it has no core at all and it's hollow.When the ball is hit with the most density it will give it the weight and power to travel great distance but unless the ball has to much weight it won’t go far.The baseball has the least greatest density so I gathered information
For the test tube with the ratio of Acetylene to air is 1:3, a flame traveled down a test tube even slower, there was a slight popping noise and black residue . For the test tube with the ratio of Acetylene to air is 1:7, a flame traveled quickly down a test tube, popping noise and less black residue. Refer to table 1 for the specific lab results.
A firearm is one of the weapons that may be used when hunting. A firearm utilizes pressure produced from the burning of gunpowder to create gas. The pressure produced from the burning powder propels a projectile out of the barrel at a target. In rifles and most handguns the barrel has rifling on the inside of the barrel to make the projectile spin to travel better in the air. Rifling are groove that spin as they go through the inside of the barrel. Shotgun barrels are smooth and can fire “slugs”, a single projectile, or “shot”,
The Cathedral was a symbol of authority and religious achievement to people of the Middle Ages. Both Romanesque and Gothic style cathedrals are monuments to the skill and creativity of medieval people. Upon entering a Romanesque or Gothic style cathedral, one would have noticed that the function of these houses of worship is very similar. They are each an urban religious center in which priests conducted masses. Upon further examination of the sculptures and the different structures that embody them, one would have found that they differ quite dramatically.
The factors at play during the catapult test were the most complicated out of all three tests. One of these factors was projectile motion. Projectile Motion is motion under the influence of gravity and is represented by the equation h(t) = –4.9t2 + v0t + h0, where v is equal to the initial velocity of the object and h is equal to the initial height of the object. The initial height of the object should have been the same because the soccer ball was released by pulling 91 cm (3 ft) back and 61 cm (2 ft) down. This means that the velocity had to change for the results to have any variation. Newton’s Second Law applies to this test as well. The greater the mass of the ball, the more force it will require to achieve the same velocity as the balls that weigh less than it. So, the balls with lower pressures should have performed better. However, potential energy also applies here. PE=mgh. The acceleration due to gravity and the height were the same, but the mass changed. With a decrease in mass comes a decrease in potential energy. So, the potential energy would have been greater with balls of a higher pressure. Kinetic energy also came into play in the catapult test, but it was balanced. KE=
Another very powerful gun that was used in World War II was the Submarine guns. The submarine guns are much stronger and better than normal guns due to the fact that they have better firing distances (Military History 7). The submarine gun was built mainly for endurance and for accuracy. This gun had the accuracy to fire from 800 to at least 1,000 yards away and delivers a powerful blow to its victims. One problem which the gun had was the fact that it could dislocate a soldiers arm whenever it was fired. But finally the submarine gun was improved and is now less powerful which makes it easier for firing full automatic rounds along with pistol rounds (8).
(Melvin, Mangonel - “Physics of Catapults”) The speed and distance of the projectile depended on how much force the catapult applied to the projectile, and the momentum depended on the mass and the velocity of the projectile (dead diseased cow, or flaming
Having a strong, solid support team is important when dealing with diabetes. Connecting with family, friends, or the health care team will ensure the emotional support needed while coping with diabetes. Another great thing to do is to talk to someone in the same boat as you. There are highs and lows that people without diabetes do not understand, but someone with the same diagnosis will. Reach out to others, you are not alone.
We all remember as kids going to the doctor’s office and dreading getting shots. I remember thinking that if I take this shot I won’t get really sick and that was that. Now in this decade parents and families are coming forward and sharing their complaints of the vaccines that are supposed to be helping their kids’ but instead are hurting them. Parents are saying that they have decided to not give their children vaccines and that is now raising the question should parents be legally obligated to have their child vaccinated? If the parents aren’t willing to get their child vaccinated, they are putting other lives in danger. Health officials and the government should get involved in this ongoing issue. A solution to this problem is to have a law stating that parents should always have their children vaccinated unless medically unable to do so.