The Effect Of The On Starch Production

Photosynthesis is essential for a plant to survive. In order to perform photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is needed and is the most important component in the creation of matter. There are two other factors that go into photosynthesis, which are solar energy and water. Both are equally important in order to perform photosynthesis, but they don’t create the majority of the matter in a plant. The carbon dioxide is taken from the atmosphere which has a high concentration of carbon. “During the spring when plants start growing again, concentration drops” (Riebeeck p.5). Plants absorb the carbon dioxide and keep it, in order to grow. Once the carbon dioxide is fixated, glucose is produced and used in the process of cellular respiration.

Introduction: Photosynthesis can be defined as a solar powered process that removes atmospheric carbon dioxide and transforms it into oxygen and carbohydrates (Harris-Haller 2014). Photosynthesis can be considered to be the most important biochemical process on Earth because it helps plants to grow its roots, leaves, and fruits, and plants serve as autotrophs which are crucial to the food chain on earth. Several factors determine the process of photosynthesis. Light is one these factors and is the main subject of this experiment. The intensity of light is a property of light that is important for photosynthesis to occur. Brighter light causes more light to touch the surface of the plant which increases the rate of photosynthesis (Speer 1997). This is why there is a tendency of higher rates of photosynthesis in climates with a lot of sunlight than areas that primarily do not get as much sunlight. Light wavelength is also a property of

An important part of photosynthesis is the intake of carbon; thus, it can be presumed that increasing the amount of available carbon will increase photosynthetic activity. In most plants there is an increased rate of photosynthetic rate, but it is limited by other factors and reaches a plateau (Lei H, Zhishan Z.

“Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations have increased by approximately 40% since the start of the Industrial Revolution” (Wilmers et al. 2012). This increase in atmospheric CO₂ is a leading cause and contributor to Earth’s climate change with effects such as: “measurable global heat retention and elevated atmospheric temperatures, partial melting of the polar ice caps, ocean acidification, and a host of other impacts on Earth’s environments” (Wilmers et al. 2012). Earth’s ecosystems are combating this climate change by helping reduce the concentration of CO₂ and “sequestering C” (Carbon) in the atmosphere through “photosynthesis” (Wilmers et al. 2012). “Kelp forests are among

Photosynthesis is the process in which plants use the sun’s light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates such as glucose, sucrose, starch and cellulose.

The crops that make up the largest amount of human and livestock calories are wheat, maize, rice, and soybean (Lobell, Gourdji, 2012). Of those, corn is the only plant that is not a C3 photosynthesis plant. The most inefficient part of C3 plants is the enzyme Rubisco. This is because Rubisco is also responsible for carboxylation and oxygenation (Raines, 2011). Oxygenation is increased with high temperatures and drought. If a C3 photosynthesis plant can find a way to increase the amount of CO2 provided to Rubisco and limit oxygenation it would increase photosynthetic efficiency. Rubisco activase is the enzyme responsible for activating Rubisco and has been shown to be unstable in vitro in temperatures greater

Plants occur around the world in a wide variety of environments, but how does the environment affect photosynthesis rate? Temperature, light intensity, water supply, and the amount of carbon dioxide are all factors that contribute photosynthesis rate. For the lab on photosynthesis, our group tested the Anacharis Bunch plant, which is an aquatic plant that needs moderate light in order for photosynthesis to occur (“Anacharis (Egeria densa)”). For photosynthesis to take place, energy from the sun is required. When sunlight strikes a plant, the stoma opens and carbon dioxide along with energy from the sun are absorbed into the chlorophyll as well as water which is transported up through the leaves to the chloroplasts where the chlorophyll are located. The chlorophyll then uses carbon dioxide, water, and the sun’s energy to produce to sugars such as glucose. After the glucose is produced, the energy that is stored in the glucose is then used to form ATP, which is carried throughout the plant and into the chloroplast where the energy is used for photosynthesis and other cellular functions. As a byproduct of synthesizing, a plant releases oxygen and water into the air. Then the cycle of photosynthesis which is made up of two parts, the Light Reactions and the Calvin Cycle, start all over again (“A Primer on Photosynthesis”). To figure out the rate at which the Anacharis Bunch plant photosynthesizes under different conditions, my group and I decided to test the

In this lab the effect of changing the pH of water that leaf disks were submerged into to find the effect on the ET50 time of plants. The hypothesis was that if the pH is closer to a normal water pH than the ET50 time will be the smallest. This lab was conducted to see what different variables change the amount of time needed for photosynthesis to occur(ET50) . This is important because of acid rain being present in the world with climate change and the effect it can have on plants which has large tolls. Previous studies have shown that acid rain and a change in pH can have damaging effects on plants. One study, showed that, acid rain destroyed the chloroplast of soybeans the location of photosynthesis in plants which disrupted photosynthesis

The intentions of completing this experiment were to establish the relationship between an individual’s ancestral diet, amylase concentration, and their amylase gene copy number. Due to human evolution, stated by the “Diet and evolution of human amylase gene copy variation” paper, the hypothesis was that if one’s ancestors consumed high levels of starch diets this will lead them to have higher AMY1 diploid gene copy numbers, along with higher salivary amylase concentrations. The entire experiment contained numerous of smaller experiments accompanied by many assets that were necessary to complete this experiment. To begin with, a calibration curve was conducted with the use of different amylase concentrations and their corresponding absorbance

For example, C3 plants prefer hot, desert-like conditions. To accommodate this, they have to keep their stomata closed, in order to prevent water loss and secure carbon dioxide and oxygen within specific plant structures (Urry et al. 2013). C3 plants also partake in photorespiration. This is a process which is opposite of photosynthesis because carbon dioxide is a product and oxygen and ATP are reactants (Urry et al. 2013). Additionally, no glucose is produced from this process (Urry et al. 2013).

In this experiment we wanted to determine the optimal temperatures for fungal, Aspergillus oryzae, and bacterial, Bacillus licheniformis. In order to see if any of the starch was broken down, Iodine was mixed with the starch-amylase substance. In four spot plates, the groups labeled the different temperatures, once the iodine came in contact with the starch, the result would be a reaction that turns the fluid into this dark blue/black color. In a span of 10 minutes, with occasional check ups on the solution every 2 minutes, the amylase-starch solution was placed into five types of temperature, all being Celsius. The five temperatures were 0 degrees, 25 degrees, 55 degrees, and 85 degrees Celsius. The solution would change colors, so in order to measure the changes, a scale was used. Such scale was a 1-5 scale, with colors next to each number. One being the lightest color, or yellow, and 5 being the darkest color, or black. Based on the change of color, we could tell how fast it hydrolyzed the starch in a span of 10 minutes. To keep record of the results, the results were put in Data Tables used from the Lab Manual. The average optimal temperature for Bacteria Amylase was 85 degrees Celsius, while the Fungal was 55 degrees Celsius. You can see this by looking for the

     Photosynthesis has a two-stage performance before plants produce the two products they are known to produce. These stages are Photosystem I and II. Photosystem II is dependant on light reactions for energy which causes the electrons to be react and be transferred to Photosystem II. The electrons are transported through the Photosystem II electron transport system, however some energy is used to drive ATP synthesis. Meanwhile, light is being absorbed by the Photosystem I, which causes the electrons to react. This process sends the electrons to the Photosystem I transport system where some energy is released as electrons travel through the electron transport system and is captured as NADPH. When this process is completed oxygen is released from the plant and glucose has been

Water- Water is required in the photosynthetic reaction. When plants lack water, their stomata close to prevent further water loss. At the same time, closing the stomata cells doesn't allow CO2 to diffuse into the leaf. Water is also therefore, linked to the carbon dioxide factor.

Because of its relative rarity, phosphorus is frequently a limiting factor in the growth of plants and other organisms which relate to tropical rain forests.

Food and fuel supply need to increase in order to adequately satisfy current and future populations (Tilman et al., 2011). It has been proposed that improvements to photosynthesis are likely to be a part of the way in which this demand can be met but first a more thorough understanding of the different carbon fixing mechanisms needs to be obtained (Sinclair et al., 2004). There are different methods by which plants fix carbon. Most plants fix carbon using either the C3 or C4 pathways. C4 photosynthesis involves the operation of a carbon concentrating mechanism (CCM) across mesophyll and bundle sheath cells by adding an initial carboxylation reaction in the mesophyll and decarboxylation reaction in the bundle sheath. This increases photosynthetic efficiency by concentrating CO2 around the final carboxylase ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) in order to increase the average carboxylation rate of RuBisCO (Vc) and supress the energetically wasteful photorespiration pathway (Jordan and Ogren, 1983).