The Effect of Common Bactericidal Agents on Staphylococcus Epidermidis

THE EFFECT OF INCREASING THE CONCENTRATION OF DETTOL ANTISEPTIC LIQUID ON THE GROWTH OF E.COLI

coli, followed by the vinegar, then salty water is proven to be incorrect. The Ajax killed more E. coli and prevented it from returning but the vinegar had a much larger and more effective zone of inhibition, even though it was faint and not properly killed. Different substances were chosen so that the effectiveness could be tested and comparisons made.

The aim of this investigation was to find out which antiseptics were most effective at preventing the growth of bacteria.

Staphylococcus aureus is a cluster bacterium that can be found on the skin of around 25% of healthy adults. This bacterium is growing everyday all over the world and many people have no idea they are even carriers. “Staphylococcus aureus is present in the nose of adults (temporarily in 60% and permanently in 20 to 30%) and sometimes on the skin” (Levison). This bacterium has the ability to cause skin infection and sometimes may lead to severe life threatening diseases. There are several different strains of staphylococcus and depending on the severity of the infection is how a health care provider decides the treatment most efficient. Impetigo is more common in children, but adults still have the chance of getting this skin condition. Toxic Shock Syndrome is also associated with S. aureus and is found in at least 50% of the cases to date. S. aureus can display a variety of symptoms and all vary with the disease at hand. Symptoms can range from a boil on the skin or in the nose to skin rashes. More severe symptoms can be carbuncles and infection of the blood (sepsis).Staphylococcus aureus is an ugly bacterium; that can lead to several diseases, such as Toxic Shock Syndrome and Impetigo. S. aureus has multiple symptoms and is treated with a variety of antibiotics.

In the future, any further investigations into the effect of antimicrobial substances may wish to investigate the effect of different leading brands of antiseptic solutions that contain the active ingredient Chloroxylenol, and how they affect the growth of bacteria as well as, whether different ingredients, cause the solution to be more or less effective in inhibiting bacterial growth. This will allow consumers and medical professionals to determine which brand or type of antiseptic solution is the most effective in protecting against pathogens such as

One room will be the control, no treatment will be used on this room, while the other two rooms will be treated with UV lamps and (UV-C)-reflective wall paint; a wall coating that reflects ultraviolet light to greatly increase the effectiveness of the UV lamp. It is expected that the bacteria in the untreated room will see an exponential growth in population over time because there are no human-controlled factors in place to limit the population size. It is expected that the bacteria in the ultraviolet light treated room will see an extinction of the population over time because the DNA of the microorganisms will be significantly damaged by the ultraviolet radiation. The damage to the genetic information of the bacteria will significantly decrease their ability to successfully reproduce, which in turn should cause rapid decay in populations. The population size of the bacteria in the experiment will be measured by the dry mass of cells after centrifugation. Within the UV-treated room, multiple disinfection techniques will be used. A room with a single stationary UV light, and a room with multiple stationary UV lights. It is expected that the room with multiple, stationary UV lights will require less time to significantly decrease the population of the bacteria than the room with a single, stationary UV light because its light covers more surface

A clinical situation was presented to the Microbiology class at city college of San Francisco to be ran along the medical team at Zuckerberg San Francisco general hospital. There are approximately 40 patients that are presenting with a visible skin infection, and all have similar (If not exact) manifestations of symptoms. The patients do not seem to be responding to the current antimicrobial therapy that has been prescribed by the doctors. The team is now getting ready to discuss further treatment plans to provide the patients with further information.

Nowadays seen as an important opportunistic pathogen “Staphylococcus epidermidis is one of thirty-three known species belonging to the genus Staphylococcus” (5). It can be found within the mucous membranes, as a part of the skin flora, and in animals. If S. epidermidis comes in contact with a person who has a compromised immune system, it may cause infection merely to those inside of hospital settings. It like to live on the surface, but once inside a host can cause serious problems. There are many different strands of Staphylococcus, but this particular bacterium was “first differentiated from other forms of Staphylococcus in 1884 by Friedrich Julius Rosenbach" (6). S. flexneri causes dysentery that results in the destruction of the epithelial

The lab result was phenomenal. We were able to distinguish which substance was more resistant to the bacteria. Comparing the results to the control disk, P-10 didn’t do as much compared to C-30 which is the most effective substance due to a higher zone of inhibition percentage. The substance disk that proved to be the most effective was C-30 which was then followed by TE-30, S-10, and lastly P-10 (see graph below). However the only two substance disks that were higher than the 10% difference were C-30 and TE-30 and both P-10 and S-10 had less than 10% difference showing errors in

This efficacy can be analyzed via various antimicrobial tests such as E-tests, disc diffusion, agar dilution, and microdilution. E-tests assess antimicrobial properties by applying a concentration gradient using strips on an agar plate inoculated with the microorganism of interest. The inhibition zones can then be assessed surrounding each strip of known antimicrobial concentrations. Disc diffusion uses this same procedure; however, the antimicrobial is applied to small discs rather than a strip. Agar dilution quantifies an effective antimicrobial concentration by using multiple agar pour plates containing increasing concentrations of the inhibitory compound. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) can then be determined by identifying the agar plate with the lowest concentration that did not support growth. Microdilution – the antimicrobial test conducted in this experiment – determines the MIC by filling the wells of a microtiter plate with decreasing concentrations of the antimicrobial. Micrograms are then added to the wells at a standardized concentration and the plate is incubated for 24-49 hours and the optimal temperature. Growth in these wells is then determined by measuring the turbidity (OD600) of the broths. Thus, the MIC identified as the well with the lowest concentration of the antimicrobial that inhibits

The samples were obtained from many different aspects of the environments in order to determine the locations of microorganisms. The samples from the air, the dirt, the lab bench, and the body contained either bacteria or mold, or some had both. However, the samples from the post-disinfection of the lab bench and post - hand washing of transient flora did not have any microorganisms. These results showed the significance of practicing aseptic technique, effectiveness of disinfection on surfaces, and the differences of the environments where the microorganisms can grow and spread.

After performed the experiment and recorded all the result, the unknown #9 was found to be Staphylococcus epidermidis. At the first place when the bacteria were stained, the slide was observed purple under the microscope, from that the bacterial could be identified as gram-positive. When the bacterial was gram-positive, there were several of test that could be run. After gram stain, the bacteria were examined by used blood agar. The result from blood plate was no color change to the medium around the individual colonies, this consumed that the organism of this bacteria was non-hemolytic. The third test which was catalase give the positive result, because there were some bubbles appears when drop 30% H2O2 on the slide. The MSA plate gave the

Infections can occur before, during, or after surgery if certain precautions are not followed (Gordon and Lowy 2008). In a hospital setting, staphylococci infect critically ill patients more so than any other organism because of the way they spread. Generally staphylococci, in particular S. aureus, diffuse by skin-to skin contact between a doctor, nurse, or even visitors (Gordon and Lowy 2008). For instance, a health care provider can potentially contaminate a patient. The same thing applies if a visitor touches a patient who has an infection. Normally, someone who contracts a staphylococcal infection, such as MRSA, can stay hospitalized for up to 10 days (Yamakawa et al 2011). All of those scenarios are daily problems that the hospital as well as the community settings face. Therefore, precautions such as maintaining proper personal protective equipment to protect patients and physicians must be followed. Up to 40% of hospital acquired infections derived from staphylococci, and half of those were S. aureus (Yamakawa et al 2011). However, what makes staphylococci significant pathogens is that several species have become resistant to antibiotics. MRSA is a very prime example of antibiotic resistance to methicillin and penicillin (Yamakawa et al 2011). Consequently, with limited treatments, it becomes extremely difficult to control the spread of infection. The best way to minimize the problem is to properly maintain good hygiene between health care workers, and extending these protocols to visitors and patients (Gordon and Lowy

In order to observe the different effects of antibiotics and antimicrobials on different bacterial cultures, we utilized the Kirby-Bauer method. With four different bacterial species and two plates for each, one to test antibiotics and the other to test antimicrobials, we created lawns on each plate with the respective bacteria. Before creating the lawns, one must label each plate to indicate the sample, the method, and the types of antibiotics or antimicrobials used. To create a lawn, one sterilizes an inoculating loop with an open flame, allows it to cool, dips it into the sample, and then proceeds to create a dense zig-zag pattern that covers the area of the plate in one direction. Then the plate is rotated 45 degrees and the process is repeated. Finally the plate is rotated 45 degrees once more and the process is repeated again. The creation of a

It was the only bacteria that had an effect on both the wild-type and methicillin-resistant bacteria. More specifically, it was the most effective against the wild-type bacteria. It had a mean ZOI of 20.8 mm, whereas, in the methicillin resistant bacteria it had a mean of 11.8 mm. In addition, vancomycin had the smallest standard deviation in each experiment, therefore, the values of each ZOI were not too far from the mean. Thus, because there was a small amount of variation between each value, the measurements stayed consistent. In addition, vancomycin was not the only bacteria that was effective against the bacteria. XR21347 was effective against the methicillin-resistant with a mean ZOI of 12.7 mm, and Methicillin was effective against the wild-type with a mean ZOI of 23.3 mm. All in all, based on our results vancomycin was the only antibiotic that had an effect against on both bacteria, therefore, we consider it to be the most effective. However, one could do further research by observing the effects of this antibiotic when used in the human body. By doing so one could verify that the vancomycin antibiotic is the most effective against staphylococcus