Introduction
Dust storms in Arizona are a dramatic example of how changes in land use, combined with climatological factors, can have a negative influence on human health. For decades, the state has experienced dust storms that have led to serious traffic accidents on Arizona’s highways (Brazel and Hsu 1981). The dust storm related accidents represented a disproportionate amount of fatalities (Hyers and Marcus 1981). However, dust can have negative effects on human health in a less dramatic fashion. Small particles (≤ 10 micrometers) can lodge inside human lungs and cause respiratory problems and heart attacks. The particles can also alter environmental properties such as the nutrient concentration in water bodies and soils (U.S.
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2014). Dietz et al. (2003) presented a framework that identified the principles and requirements of adaptive governance. Adaptive governance requires information, conflict resolution, rule compliance, infrastructure, and adaptation and change. Those requirements are met by a governance arrangements that follow a set of principles that are based on Ostrom’s (1990) design principles: “devise rule that are congruent with ecological conditions, clearly define boundaries of resources and user groups, devise accountability mechanisms for monitoring, apply graduated sanctions for violations, establish/use low-cost mechanisms for conflict resolution, involve interested parties in informed discussion of rules, allocate authority to allow for adaptive governance at multiple levels, and employ mixtures of institutional types” (Dietz et al. 2003).
Although the number of articles about adaptive governance has increased significantly over the past decade (Chaffin et al. 2014), the literature on adaptive governance related to air quality appears sparse. Tucker (2012) identifies the revision of air quality standards based on new information as an example of adaptive governance principles. Most of the
“Asthma is a chronic respiratory illness often associated with familial, allergenic, socioeconomic, psychological and environmental factors.” (Rhodes 2002) Traffic related air pollution at home and school has been associated with adverse health effects, specifically on the respiratory system, resulting in an increased prevalence of asthma in children. The Southern California Children’s Health Study was designed to look at the chronic effects of air pollution on respiratory health. Previous research has shown an association of asthma with those that live in residential areas in close proximity to major roadways and exposure to traffic pollutants.
Romm, Joe. Dust-Bowlification Threatens Public Health With More Asthma Attacks, Toxic Chemicals And Disease, 29 Aug. 2012, thinkprogress.org/dust-bowlification-threatens-public-health-with-more-asthma-attacks-toxic-chemicals-and-disease-8785556d396f/. Accessed 27 May 2018.
The storms are occurring more often and intensely (Highfield par.8). Due to this, if man made changes are not made, the health of Arizona’s citizens will be at stake. The reason why dust storms affect many Arizona citizens and not in a specific city or county is because dust particles can travel for multiple miles across the area that the dust storm started (Griffin par. 2). With the possibility of health risk, Arizona citizens and lawmakers must be aware of the ways that man can mitigate the effects of these
One of the reasons that cause air pollution in the United States is combustion of fossil fuels. United states known as the developed countries. For big countries, there will have many moving vehicles. Burning oil from fossil fuels such as diesel is burnt in moving vehicles cause air pollution. When the oil is burned, dangerous gases released into air and the environment. From that, if the people overuse of fossil fuel, its will kill the environment as dangerous gases are polluting the environment and harm the habitat. Because of our selfishness, other must face hardship cause of air pollution that is produced from the environment also from the human. From the source that was found, according to Rakesh from Conserve Energy Future (CEF), dangerous
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways. This occurs when the airflow is obstructed. Asthma affects people of both genders, all races and age. Asthma existed in ancient Egypt times and possibly even before that. (Crosta, 2000, p. 2) Asthma had been on the decline up until 2001 (Asthma In The U.S., 2011). In 2001, one out of every fourteen people had asthma. Since then asthma has been on a gradual incline. In 2009, one in every 12 people now had asthma (Asthma Statistics, 2013). This means 25 million people in the United States are living with asthma. More and more people are dying every day because of asthma. Scientists are trying to figure out why asthma has been increasing in the
According to National Geographic Magazine, countries around the world have undertaken and implemented measures to combat air pollution. These measures aim to limit emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that contribute to air pollution. The United States of America is one of the hundred and seventy five (175) countries that signed the Paris Agreement to combat climate change which includes air pollution. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of United States of America formulates strategies and enforces laws and regulations such as the Clean Air Act (CAA). The EPA as the enforcing agency stipulated in the clean air act that all stationary sources such as factories and chemical plants “must install pollution control equipment
In the United States alone, nearly 150 million people live in areas that don’t meet federal air quality standards. For many years, air pollution has been on the rise but more recently it’s been proved how pollution poses a greater danger to both the environment and the everyday individual. Its everlasting effects on the world, such as global warming and its depletion of the ozone layer, are going to play a huge role in the years to come. Consequently, there has been an increase in death rates from various illnesses caused by air pollution, varying from breathing problems to even worse, lung cancer. While these effects may go unnoticed, they are still an enormous issue at hand and are triggering more complications within our society. Though
Hundreds of thousands of people die from air pollution in the U.S. each year, some of which can be attributed to burning transportation fuels, Marshall said.
Breathing disorders have been well studied for several decades and findings have directly linked outdoor air pollution to asthma specifically. In 2014 Michael Guarnieri published an article that defined the specific mechanisms, particulate matter, gasses and TRAP entitled “Outdoor air pollution and asthma.” (Guarnieri & Balmes, 2014, para. 1)
Today, air quality is something that plays a major role in all of our lives. The types of chemicals or substances that are present in our air can be very alarming depending on where you live or who you are. Air pollution can cause various health effects to children and one major issue is asthma. In the past, researchers have indicated that heavy traffic leads to asthma if a child lives close to traffic. Also, other studies have looked at heavy traffic near schools and found that the prevalence of respiratory symptoms has increased. The studies mentioned did not provide strong associations or highly sound data, which lead to the Southern California Children’s Health Study (CHS). McConnell et al. (2010) wanted to investigate air pollution and
From North to South, East to West, New York to Ohio, the issue of air pollution and climate change has been under discussion in the last sixty years and how it has changed the climate terrain in the United States. Air pollution can be dated to October 1948, the Donora Pa for that razed almost half of the town where 14000 residents were rendered homeless and started to experience severe respiratory and cardiovascular problems. During this time, breathing became a major issue and the death toll rose to over forty people and consequently, some of the disturbing pictures emerged from Donora engulfed in a thick blanket of gray smog with cooler air bellow and some sealing pollutant (Andersen et al 2011). The Donora was
Almost everybody owns a car. These vehicles are pumping pollution straight into the air and filling it with harmful pollutants. However, vehicles are not the only cause of air pollution. One of the other contributors to the burning of fossil fuels are industries. Air pollution consists of particles and gases that are emitted from both natural and manmade sources. The particles that specifically affect people are the ones that are small enough to go down into their airways. These are called fine-particulates (PM2.5), and they are the most critical form of air pollution (Gold and Samet 2013). With air pollution comes a whole array of health problems, predominantly focused on the nose, throat, and lungs. Both rural and urban environments contain different pollutants, such as infections, chemical
ESSAY TOPIC: Air pollution: A significant cause of morbidity and mortality especially in many large cities of the developing world.
To assess the air pollution level in Delhi and compare the levels before and after Diwali
is no question that all living organisms need air to survive. Now imagines that air you need to survive being the same thing that might be killing you. Our environment is suffering due to the all of the negative side effects from air pollution. In Funk and Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia, air pollution is defined as “contamination of the atmosphere by gaseous, liquid, or solid substances that can endanger the health and welfare of humans and other living things or can attack materials, reduce visibility, or produce undesirable oders.” (Air Pollution, 2016) Earths ecosystem is linked to the quality of our air. There has been a global rise of toxics in air pollution. The U.S Environmental Protection Agency does set limits to certain