The Effects Of Antibacterial Resistance On Bacterial Infections Essay

When a bacteria is exposed to antibiotics, they are not always guaranteed to die. This is called antibiotic resistance. Sometimes antibiotics can only stop the bacteria from multiplying (make it stagnate), and other times it causes the bacteria to multiply even more. These three results depend on antibiotic concentration, bacterial mutation, and bacterial genetic exchange.

Cephalexin and Gentamicin would be effective since they are equally sensitive to the pseudomonas aeruginosa microbe which implies they will kill the microbe and work against the bacteria.

Whether or not the patient has had a previous hyper-sensitivity reaction to cephalosporins or a previous reaction to penicillins must be questioned. Caution should be used when prescribing amoxicillin to patients with renal failure or patients who are pregnant (EMC, n.d.). Amoxicillin does not treat viral infections or leukemia. Both of these should be ruled out if treatment is not successful.

According to a trial trying to determine bacterial resistance within the Enterobacteriaceae family “E. cloacae has been proven resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, first-generation cephalosporins, cephalothin, cefoxitin, broad-spectrum cephalosporins, as well as third generation cephalosporins.”1 The trial also stated that “this vast resistance is due to the bacteria’s

Gram-Negative infections are a major cause of mortality in the hospital, intensive care unit and healthcare system. For years the Carbapenems have been a major last line player in eliminating infections. Carbapenem resistance is now increasing. Two drugs Avycaz and Zerbaxa are available to fight against those microbes with Carbapenem resistance. The newly approved combination drug Avycaz is composed of Ceftazidime and Avibactam. Ceftazidime is a 3rd generation cephalosporin. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to the penicillin binding protein. Avibactam is a non- Beta lactam Beta Lactamase Inhibitor. It is essential in increasing the

There are a few antibiotics that are affected in this case which include cephalosporin and also include penicillin (Munoz-Price & Jacoby, 2015). There are a few different ESBL’s which include TEM, SHV, CTX-M, OXA, and many others (Munoz-Price & Jacoby, 2015). All of the strains will be treated slightly differently due to the different chemical makeup (Munoz-Price & Jacoby, 2015). In order to determine the presence of ESBLs, lab tests can be used such as disk diffusion and pyrosequencing ((Munoz-Price & Jacoby, 2015). Every patient has a different level of risk for becoming contaminated with ESBLs such as the differing lengths in hospital stay, as well as whether the patient has a PICC line (Munoz-Price & Jacoby, 2015). Another risk factor for the patient may be that they were previously in a nursing home (Munoz-Price & Jacoby, 2015). With the patient being elderly, the chances that they may have been in a nursing home are

It also helps with the prevention of PCP in HIV-positive patients, but should be used cautiously due to the incidence of adverse reactions. This drug is also active against many strains of gram-positive pathogens including: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, Nocardia, Enterococcus. It also has activity against many gram-negative pathogens, such as: Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Shigella, Xanthomonas maltophilia, and Haemophilus influenzae, including ampicillin-resistant

This requires clinical, microbiological, and laboratory data. Signs and symptoms of superinfections should be noted. Nurses must also note signs and symptoms of hemolytic anemia. Urinalysis, BUN, and creatinine should be used to assess the patient’s renal function when they are on prolonged treatment. If impaired renal function is indicated the dosage should be decreased. Some cephalosporins affect blood clotting and require a baseline and assessment of prothrombin level (PT). These patients should also be monitored for disulfiram reactions. Nurses should also educate patients on administration, adverse reactions, side effects, and lifestyle management (Woo & Wynne,

Since the inception of penicillin, many synthetic penicillin have been developed to treat problem with resistance”. In addition, penicillin is a class of antimicrobial drug that is used to treat infections including respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, and sexually transmitted disease. Also, they are effective for treating infections of the heart that are caused by bacteria. Beta-Lactam Antibiotics effective in treating polymicrobial infections. They are effective in treating intra abdominal and gynecologic infections. Cephalosporin’s are similar to the penicillin and can be divided into four generations based on the antimicrobial spectrum activity. The first generation were the first class that was utilized and used to treat skin infection, urinary tract infections and preventive measure for surgical procedures The second generation was used to treat community acquired pneumonia, and other respiratory infections. The third was used to treat bacterial meningitis and nosocomial infections (Arcangelo & Peterson,

Cefoperazone is a new semisynthetic cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. Cefoperazone shows high activity against gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacilli, such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus species [1].

It is undeniable that the recent discovery of antibiotics and disinfectants in the past century is leading to the creation of increasingly dangerous antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Super bugs like Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus have begun breaking out in hospital areas, killing more and more patients due to the lack of people following through with simple safety measures. In order to stop the creation and spread of antibiotic-resistant super bugs, proper precautions must be taken such as avoiding antibacterial cleaners, following through with instructions when taking prescriptions and maintaining adequate hand hygiene. Through adhering to basic safety rules, the creation and spread of super bugs can be minimized and all together

The activity of antimicrobial combinations can be assessed in vitro using Etest methods. The traditional approaches used to assess antimicrobial combinations are the checkerboard and time-kill methods These methods are costly in time and materials and are not used in routine clinical practice. The Etest method is simple to use, time efficient and inexpensive. The Etest is an agar diffusion method for the quantitative determination of susceptibility to antimicrobial agents [9].

Since antibiotics, such as penicillin, became widely available in the 1940s, they have been called miracle drugs. They have been able to eliminate bacteria without significantly harming the other cells of the host. Now with each passing year, bacteria that are immune to antibiotics have become more and more common. This turn of events presents us with an alarming problem. Strains of bacteria that are resistant to all prescribed antibiotics are beginning to appear. As a result, diseases such as tuberculosis and penicillin-resistant gonorrhea are reemerging on a worldwide scale (1).

faecalis and E. faecium. However, even though tetracycline exhibit clinically significant anti-enterococcal activity, it is generally considered a second-line agent and is seldom used for enterococci treatment nowadays, so these results may not be alarming. Nonetheless, this finding, as well as increasing rifampin resistance in E. faecium urine, although non-significant, should be taken seriously and preventive measures should be taken. More concerning is the emergence of linezolid resistance in both E. faecalis and E. faecium, which remains a crucial therapy for VRE faecium, providing additional evidence of a growing public health crisis. Linezolid resistance in enterococci, although still relatively less common, has been linked with increasing linezolid use previously.18 Our findings could also be related to the involvement of antibiotic selective pressure on changing enterococci resistance, supporting a cautious use of these antibiotics and reinforcing the need for better infection control strategies and alternative therapies to treat enterococci infections. Our findings may explain the linezolid resistance of <30.2% for E. faecalis urine isolates observed in a previous

Cefoperazone is a semi-synthetic third generation, piperazine β-lactam antibiotics that possesses broad spectrum activity against aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria [1]. Cefoperazone is used in the treatment of bone and joint infections of horses [2], calf diseases