The Effects Of Antibiotics Bacterial Growth?

Interphase: This particular stage is divided into three phases, G1 (first gap), S (synthesis), and G2 (second gap). During all three phases, the cell grows by producing proteins and other organelles within the cytoplasm. However, chromosomes are replicated only during the S phase. In all, a cell grows (G1), continues to grow as it duplicates its

All bacteria need time to be able to multiply and it has been observed that generally bacteria divide into two every twenty minutes.

The purpose of this report is to analyse the growth of the bacteria known as Citrobacter Freundii as well as distinguishing what antibiotics effect its growth. This will be done so by answering the following question after completing its associated experiments. This question includes: what antibiotics are most effective in denaturing the bacteria? It has been predicted that chloramphenicol will be the most effective due to the fact that its medical uses are treating meningitis which is an infection caused by Citrobacter freundii. After conducting the experiments it was found that the chloramphenicol antibiotic was the most effective in denaturing the bacteria, although streptomycin was also affective. However, none of the other antibiotics were able to halt the growth of the bacteria.

The cell cycle is a series of stages that occurs when a new cells makes the division from the parent cell to two daughter cells. This is a stage in cellular reproduction. The cell cycle consists of three phases, interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. During Interphase, a cell will continue to perform its functions as usual. The time frame for Interphase varies; while an embryonic cell will take just a few hours to complete the cycle, a stem cell from an adult can take 24 hours (Mader, Windelspecht, 2015). After the interphase stage completes itself, a complete nuclear division happens and mitosis occurs. During the stage of mitosis, the daughter cells will receive the same amounts of the contents of the parent cell. Throughout the last stage, in the cytoplasm there is a division known as Cytokinesis (Mader, Windelspecht, 2015). Cytokinesis occurs differently in plant cells than it does in animal cells, as the cell wall around the plant prevents the process from happening the same way. Instead, a new plasma membrane and cell walls are built are built between the daughter cells. However, in animal cells a single cell will become two (Mader, Windelspecht, 2015).

periods in cultures and can be manipulated and transformed into any type of cell in the

In the article Growth Chart (www.vetbact.org, 2015-11-19) it was written that bacteria are unicellular organisms that are in good nutrient availability can multiply indefinitely by dividing. It takes different amounts of time for different bacteria that doubled - this time called the generation time. When adding bacteria to a culture medium, it takes only a moment before they have adapted to their new environment.

In order to control the growth and spread of harmful microbes that can cause disease, we use antimicrobial agent. Disinfectants are antimicrobial agents that are use in a physical process or used in a form of a chemical agent. Disinfectants are used to destroy vegetative pathogen but are not effective against bacterial endospores. Disinfectants remove harmful products of toxins from material and usually are used on inanimate objects since they can be harmful to human tissues. Another antimicrobial agent used is, antibiotics. Antibiotics are usually prescribed to a person to cure a bacterial or viral infection. Antibiotics are used to inhibit the growth of infectious agents in the human body. The disk diffusion test known as the Kirby-Bauer

Fermentation- Required bacteria is grown at at 30°C in a stream of air in a mineral medium with glucose as a carbon-source. As a result, the cells multiply after 24 hours and reach a higher cell density. This is known as

Cell proliferation is defined as an increased in the cell population. Proliferation is important when observing normal cell growth. The cells grow and divide into identical cells using the cell cycle and this process is known as cell division. There are two phases of cell division which are interphase and mitosis. Interphase has three main phases and each phase has a different process and function. These three parts are known as G1, S, and G2. In the G1 phase cell growth is initiated and it is also the phase that is responsible for protein synthesis and ribonucleic acid production (a ). The next phase is the S phase which is also known as the synthesis phase and it is where the DNA is replicated. Final step of the interphase is the G2 phase which deals with cell growth and prepares for cell division. Mitosis is the process that come after all the phases of

The lag phase is when the organisms are first place into a new medium and will take time to get used the their new environment. During this phase, organisms will grow in size but cannot replicate. The next phase is the log phase. In this phase cells are dividing and growing at a very fast rate. DNA replication begins in this phase as well as their metabolic rate starts to increase rapidly. (Bacterial Growth Curve) Cells divide by binary fission. The organisms will eventually reach maximum growth and start to level off beginning the next phase, the stationary phase. In this phase, the bacterial population will start to slow down and stop dividing because the nutrients needed for them to grow are being used up. The pH and temperatures start to shift making the environment and unfavorable one and the accumulation of waste and toxic metabolites the growth starts to die off, transitioning into the last and final stage. (Bacterial Growth Curve) The death phase is when there is longer any nutrients to grow and to much waste has built up along with toxic materials, killing the cells. However, some organisms can withstand this environment and begin to produce endospores. (Bacterial Growth Curve)

During the lag phase there is no increase in cell numbers, although the bacteria are synthesizing enzymes present in their environment in preparation for the exponential phase. During the exponential or logarithmic phase, the bacterial population grows at a rate that doubles the population during the generation time. The stationary phase incurs neither an increase nor a decrease in the cell population. The population growth cannot continue at the exponential rate since the nutrient supplies have been depleted and waste products have accumulated. The final phase of the bacterial population growth curve is the death phase, during which more cells die than are replaced by new cells.

A bacterial growth curve illustrates a lag phase, a log phase, a stationary phase, and a death phase. The lag phase of the growth curve depicts no growth of the population. There is no growth because the bacteria cells are not undergoing division because the bacteria is still adjusting to the environment. The log phase depicts the period of time

Bacterial infections are becoming resistant to antibiotics due to people that are sick and receive an antibiotic from their doctor; but as soon as they start to feel better they stop taking the antibiotic. If you stop taking antibiotics before the treatment is over can cause the bacteria to return stronger and this time resistant to that antibiotic. Another reason that certain bacteria’s are becoming resistant to antibiotics is due to patients expecting doctors to prescribe antibiotics to them even though they have a viral infection not a bacterial one. “Antibiotics are among the most commonly prescribed drugs used in human medicine. However, up to 50% of all the antibiotics prescribed for people are not needed or are not optimally effective as prescribed.” ("Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria."). Because of the large amount of antibiotics we take we are killing off our normal flora, which helps us digest our food.

The results from table one shows the optimal temperatures for Escherichia coli is 37-45°C, Pseudomonas fluorescens 25°C and Enterococcus faecalis 37°C. This supports the fact that these three bacteria are classed as mesophiles. Enterococcus faecalis are commonly found in the gastrointestinal and female genital tract of humans, also Escherichia coli is located in the lower intestine. The optimum temperature of humans is 37°C which serves as a perfect host for them. Pseudomonas fluorescens are located in soil, plants

The cell cycle is separated into multiple stages such as G0, G1, S, G2, and M phase. During the G0 phase is the stage in which there is no sign of the cell preparing to separate but, rather a stagnant cell. The G1 phase involves the expansion of the cell and gathering all the nutrients and energy to prepare for the upcoming processes of the cell cycle. In the S phase,