The Effects Of Bone On Healthy Adults

| - as the patient starts to use (or bear weight on) the bone, the bone starts to remodel along lines of maximal stress (this remodeling process requires the activity of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Osteoporosis is a disorder of bones that affects bones making them low in bone mass fragile and will lead to bone fracture. Bone fracture will easily occur as this disease cause the matrix inside the bone become weak and brittle.Bones can become so brittle due to activities such as coughing can cause fractures.According to Macgill (2015) the origin of the word osteoporosis explain the condition of ‘osteo’ is for bone and ‘porosis’ means porous that resulting in weakness. At this condition, the bone tissue is mineralized normally, but the production is not enough to preserve the normal skeletal architecture. 80% of women and 20% men of 28 million American are affected with the osteoporosis. Approximately, women with the age of 50 will develop osteoporosis. Thin bones are the cause of 1.5 million fractures a year. As in Malaysia, the statistic shows that osteoporosis related to fractured is the common health problem especially in elderly..

As generally stated in the introduction, osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder that involves the strength and integrity of one’s bones. The WHO defines osteoporosis as, “a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low-bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, increased bone fragility, and its susceptibly to recurrent fractures.” 2 The most important factor to take into account when addressing osteoporosis is the mass of bone, also referred to as, bone mineral density (BMD). As bone mass begins to decline, typically in the older population, specifically postmenopausal women, individuals are at an increased risk for fractures.3 As a result of this serious condition, many people are affected by morbidity, mortality, and economic difficulty.1

Throughout a lifetime, old bone is removed (resorption) and new bone is added (formation) to the skeleton. During childhood and teenage years, new bone is added faster than old bone is removed. Consequently, bone become larger, heavier, and denser. Bone formation continues at a pace faster than resorption until peak bone mass, which is reached around age 30. After age 30, bone resorption slowly exceeds bone formation. In women, bone loss is most rapid in the first years after menopause but persists throughout the postmenopausal years. Based on year 2000 census data, it is estimated that 55% of people age 50 and older have either osteoporosis or low bone mass. The major risk

Osteoporosis is the most common progressive bone disease that decreases bone density. Osteoporosis is characterized by an increased risk for bone fracture and this presents in the form of brittle and fragile bones (Bethel & Diamond, 2016). The bone loss occurs because of increase bone reabsorption which leads to decreased bone mass and deterioration (Bethel & Diamond, 2016). In addition, impaired bone function can also lead to osteoporosis. The diagnosis of osteoporosis often happens after the injury has occurred.

Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease that decreases bone density and reduces bone mass. This illness leads to injuries such as Colle’s fracture, compression fracture of vertebral bodies, and fracture at the neck of the femur. The purpose of the article is to illustrate age-related bone loss in different populations that inhabited Poland from the Neolithic to early modern times. The focus of the study is to determine if age-related bone loss in those populations differ from nowadays. Due to difference in life condition such as housing, diet, and work the authors think that in the Neolithic era the population had better bone mineral density (BMD) than people from the Middle Ages and today.

down, so bone mass increases and bones strengthen. In older people, however, this balance is

Aging interacts mainly with bone deposition than bone resorption. The supply of osteoblasts, which deposit bone, as compared to demand is progressively declining with aging. After the third decade of life, bone

Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture. Osteoporosis leads to nearly 9 million fractures annually worldwide[1] and over 300,000 patients present with fragility fractures to hospitals in the UK each year[2]. Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease in older adults. It has happened to any person irrespective of gender or age. It is more common in woman with advancing age. However, it can affect younger people too (3). By the time any symptoms (pain and fracture) became apparent, the disease is already far advanced. It is a progressive systemic skeletal disease

Osteoporosis is the disease process by which bone remodeling is altered. This alteration is when old bone is insufficiently replaced by new bone (Cosman et al, 2014). New bone growth peaks in the early 20’s and after this age bone mass is lost faster than generated. The lack of new bone replaced can lead to fractures and deformed skeletal architecture. This alteration occurs with menopause, increased age, or long term use of corticosteroids (Cosman et al, 2014)

A condition in which bones become weak and brittle is called Osteoporosis. Osteoporosis means “porous bone.” Healthy bone looks like honeycomb, while osteoporosis has much larger holes or spacing. It can’t be cured but treatment might help. When there is an imbalance of new bone and old bone resorption. Osteoclasts dissolve the damaged or unwanted bone leaving tiny holes for the osteoblasts to fill with new bone. The body sometimes fails to grow enough new bone to replace the old bone. Poor nutrients and smoking are some risk factors. Also, not enough exercise may play a key role as well. Many people have no symptoms until they have a bone fracture or shrink in height. There are treatments like medications, healthy diets, weight- bearing exercises,

Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease that affects millions of people worldwide. It is characterised by a low bone mineral density (BMD) and deterioration of bone tissue and strength. This in turn increases bone fragility and its susceptibility to fracture and other injuries. Bone remodelling is the process of continuous bone reabsorption and rebuilding; however, osteoporosis occurs when there is not enough bone formation and/or an excessive amount of bone reabsorption. Many non-invasive techniques exist to measure BMD, all which play an important role in the diagnosis and progression of osteoporosis.

Bone diseases affect the remodelling of bones. In healthy bone, bone is laid down (ossified) and resorbed as needed. In diseased bone, the natural balance of resorption and ossification is affected leading to there being a net loss or gain of bone. Bone diseases are generally either proliferative or erosive although there are some, which are a combination of the two (University of Cambridge, 2004, Waldron,

Bone remodeling is a five-stage process. Bone is renewed to prevent accumulation of micro-damage and maintain bone strength and BMD (Burr,

Osteoporosis, exactly means porous bone as show in figure(2.4),is skeletal disorder characterized by a decrease in bone mass density, and this decrease leads to structural deterioration and loss of connectivity between bone tissue, resulting in enhanced fragility and an increased risk of fracture (Bridgeman and Pathak 2011). Osteoporosis is commonly referred to as the “silent thief” as there are no noticeable symptoms associated with its progression until it manifests in the form of a fragility fracture ( Lin and Lane 2004). Although a fragility fracture can occur in any bone, fracture of the hip, spine, and wrist are particularly common in individuals with osteoporosis (ALAnazi 2014) . They have high percentages of trabecular bone, which is more vulnerable due to the higher turnover rate (Rissanen 2013) . Osteoporosis is attributable to an imbalance in bone remodeling, and thus, the understanding of the cellular events is important to target the treatment( Tamminen