The Effects Of Caffeine On Children 's Performance On Attention And Working Memory

Please submit an annotated bibliography of 5-10 books, journals, web sites, and other appropriate materials related to your research topic. All group members must create an annotated bibliography of 5-10 original resources. (Group members may not have the same resources).

Caffeine is a wildly use drug in today’s society. Caffeine is a methylated xanthine which acts as a mild central nervous system stimulant (MS & RL, 2001). It is a stimulant which acts upon the central nervous system and increases alertness, wakefulness and restlessness and it increases the release of catecholamine from renal medullar (Fernandez, 2016; Collines, 2007). It is present in many beverages. Caffeine is found in coffee, tea, soft drinks, products containing chocolate (cocoa) and some medication (Collines, 2007). It is used as a cardiac and respiratory stimulant (Collines, 2007).Caffeine is the most frequently ingested pharmacologically active substance in the world (Collines, 2007).

Every day, people all over the world begin their days with a cup of coffee, or some other form of caffeine to give them the energy “boost” that gets them going. In recent years, caffeine is becoming more common and easier to consume with the abundance of energy drinks on the market. This use of caffeine is widely known and taken advantage of, however, caffeine can have some other important effects on our brains as well, including being used in medicines that need to be sent to the brain. Caffeine also has the ability to provide a boosting benefit for the brain, both in the short term and the long term, by interacting with numerous chemical pathways, especially those involving adenosine, in the brain, typically by inhibitory effects.

In the fast paced life of a college student, it is not uncommon for tasks and due dates to quickly pile up, demanding more hours studying and less hours sleeping. Any amount of sleep deprivation can lead students to consume caffeinated beverages, particularly coffee, to help them stay awake and get their work done. According to the University of Michigan (2015), Caffeine acts in the body by effecting the central nervous system and may start to

The behaviour of caffeine acts as a stimulant which increase brain memory. Caffeine belongs to the xanthine chemical group that has an influence on the central nervous

Caffeine is found in coffee, tea, soft drinks, chocolate, kola nuts, and certain medicines. Brands of Caffeine include Acetaminophen,Alert-Pep,Anoquan,Butalbital.It makes you jittery and shaky it can cause you to have a hard time falling asleep, staying asleep, or get a sleep it can also cause an increase in heart beat and uneven heart rhythm, It has many more side effect on bodies.Caffeine binds to the adenosine receptor and the cell can no longer identify adenosine because caffeine is taking up all the receptors that adenosine would normally bind to. Caffeine speeds up the nerve cell instead of slowing down like adenosine's effect, Caffeine causes the brain's blood vessels to constrict, because it blocks adenosine's ability to open it.This is why headache medicines contain caffeine ,by it constricting blood vessels in the brain can help stop a vascular

The various activity levels of the brain are defined as brain waves and divided into four basic groups according to wavelength. Delta waves range between 0-4 Hz, Theta waves range between 4-8 Hz, Alpha waves range between 8-13 Hz and Beta waves are greater than 13 Hz. Alpha waves are typical of states of quiet rest, none particular activity and sometimes when the eyes are closed. Beta waves are typical of states of alertness, attentiveness or active thinking. Beta waves appear also in the REM sleep stage along with Theta waves while the other sleep stages are characterized by Theta and Delta brain activity .

As people around the world discovered caffeine in their native vegetation, various cultures concocted drinks or chewed on the plants leaves to experience its effects. 90% of the world consumes caffeine daily and in each of those billions of humans, caffeine spread itself throughout their bodies and enters their brains. So how long does caffeine stick around in the body? The half-life of caffeine, or the time it takes of half of it to be broken down, is between five and six hours on average in adults. As the caffeine gets broken down, what does it become? Pure caffeine is a powerfully bitter white powder. So if caffeine is affecting the brain in so many ways, why isnt caffeine powder being snorted alongside coke or shot alongside heroine? Caffeine

Nicotine is most commonly known for being the key ingredient and major psychoactive component of tobacco smoke, however, the attention it has gotten recently can be attributed to the effects on cognition being observed amongst smokers and non-smokers alike. Much research has been done to identify what role, if any, nicotine has on learning, memory, and attention through an analysis of the behavioral, pharmacological, and anatomical specifications of the drug. Overwhelming evidence now exists pointing to a direct linkage between nicotine and enhanced cognition, leading to new and promising interventions for cognitive related deficiencies and disorders.

Caffeine is the most widely used psychoactive stimulant. It is a naturally occurring substance which can be found in the coffee bean, tea leaf, cocoa bean and kola nut and is most commonly found in beverages including coffee, soft drink and tea. According the current research, adults have increased their daily caffeine intake in recent times, and it is becoming more common. With this being the case, the effects that caffeine can have on the adult brain are vital to be aware of, as not only are there benefits,

(Childs and de Wit, 2006) They recruited participants in the age group of 18-35 (N=102) with males (n=51) and females (n=51) to “investigate the effects of acute caffeine administration in individuals who do not regularly consume caffeine.” (Childs and de Wit, 2006, p. 515) The demographic variables did not have a significant impact upon these results. This study was comprised of three levels of caffeine that were consumed. When given larger doses of caffeine their tests showed their working memory, or short-term, did not produce beneficial results. However, it did not impact their memory as time passed during the test. Reaction times were also lower with the higher doses as well. In their final findings they discovered that, “a low dose of caffeine enhanced self-reported alertness in the absence of any other effects upon mood and behavioral performance.” (Childs and de Wit, 2006, p. 521) The higher doses did not produce the same results within the total group of participants instead with a higher dose the effects became more diverse. While it made some participants moods happier it made others incur more anxiety. As stated before their working memory and reaction times

Caffeine can increase mental alertness at work or while studying which can also enhance performance on certain mental tasks.

The EEG signals are commonly decomposed into five EEG sub-bands: delta, theta, alpha, beta and gamma. Alpha waves are rhythmic and its frequency range is from 8 to 13 Hz. The ampli-tude of the alpha wave is low. Each region of the brain has the characteristic of alpha rhythm but mostly it is recorded from the occipital and parietal regions. It oscillates from adult in awake and relaxed state with eyes closed. Beta waves are irregular and its frequency range is greater than 13 Hz. The amplitude of the beta wave is very low. It is mostly recorded from temporal and frontal lobe. It oscillates from during the deep sleep, mental activity and is associated with remembering. Delta waves are rhythmic and its frequency range is 4 to 7 Hz. The amplitude

Due to its lipophilicity, caffeine crosses the blood brain barrier easily exerting its stimulant effect (McCall et al., 1982). Caffeine exerts its activity on the central nervous system (CNS) by counteracting most of the inhibitory effects of adenosine on neuroexcitability (Fredholm et al., 1999), arousal (Porkka-Heiskanen, 1999), and spontaneous activity (Barraco et al., 1983). Also, Caffeine can alter CNS function by inhibiting phosphodiesterase activity, blocking GABAA receptors, and mobilizing intracellular calcium (Garrett and Griffiths, 1997). Caffeine stimulates the release of various neurotransmitters in CNS: acetylcholine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin (El Yacoubi et al. 2003; El Yacoubi et al. 2001;

Nicotine is a powerful substance in controlling brain function. It interacts with specific receptors in brain tissue, and initiates metabolic and electrical activity in the brain.