The Effects Of Catalyse : Catalase And Enzygen Peroxide

Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions necessary for life. Without them certain vital processes would not take place and the body would be unable to function.

Catalase is an important enzyme that protects cells from oxidative damage, which hydrogen peroxide can cause. It is an incredibly efficient enzyme where one catalase molecule can convert millions of hydrogen peroxide molecules each second.

A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of reaction (Jim Clark, 2002) and in which is not effected once the reaction has occurred. Catalase are a form of Catalyst that are intended for converting the Hydrogen Peroxide which is produced by cells, into Water and Oxygen. Catalase are found in organic matter such as the liver and potato. The liver houses harmful toxins such as Hydrogen Peroxide, and is why the there is a high concentration of catalase. The potato has a reduced rate of catalase because of the unsophisticated functions of the organic matter. It was found that the liver contained a higher concentration of catalase compared to the low concentration in the potato. This was due to the function of the liver in the digestive

With all living organisms, a process known as cell respiration is integral in order to provide the body with an essential form of energy, adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Oxygen, although an essential part of this process, can form reactants from colliding with electrons associated with carrier molecules. (pb101.rcsb.org, 2017). Hydrogen peroxide is an integral product of this reaction but is known to impose negative effects on the body if high levels are introduced. Explicitly, this reaction is caused “If oxygen runs into (one of these) carrier molecules, the electron may be accidentally transferred to it. This converts oxygen into dangerous compounds such as superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide, which can attack the delicate sulphur atoms and metal ions in proteins.” (pdbh101.rcb.org, 2017). Research has suggested that the hydrogen peroxide can be converted into hydroxyl radicals, known to mutate DNA, which can potentially cause bodily harm due to DNA’s role in the synthesis of proteins. These radicals can cause detrimental effects on the human body, and studies have suggested a link to ageing. Due to the harmful effects of these H2o2, it is important that the body finds a way to dispose of hydrogen peroxide before concentrations are too great.

As illustrated in Table 1, increase in temperature resulted in the increase of the rate of catalase activity to a certain range. After the range, the temperature would continue to increase, but the rate of catalase activity will decrease significantly. Rate of enzyme activity increased as temperature increased is supported by the Collision Theory. The collision theory states in order for a reaction to occur, reacting particles must collide with one another (McGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry 12). Particles must collide with sufficient energy to overcome activation energy and with the correct geometrical orientation. Increase in temperature and rate of catalase activity, increases kinetic energy of hydrogen peroxide molecules. This allows a faster movement of hydrogen peroxide molecules increasing the collision frequency and the effectiveness of the collisions. As a result, more reactions will be speed up and increase catalase activity. The range where the rate of catalase activity is the highest is at 60°C. This would be the peak for the catalase. At 60°C, the most collisions, more effective collisions take place and hydrogen bonds are loose making it easier for catalase to act on hydrogen peroxide. As a result of this 60°C is the temperature peak for the catalase. After 60°C, the rate of catalase activity increases. This is because enzymes are very fragile macromolecules. After a certain temperature range, intramolecular bonds are broken due to amino acids vibrations. This leads to the enzyme denaturing. Denaturing is when the structures in the enzyme has been altered and cannot be

A catalase is an enzyme that is typically found in all living organisms that are exposed to oxygen. A catalase catalyzes the decompositions of hydrogen peroxide to hydrogen and water. Catalase are categorized as tetramers because they are polymers consisting of four monomer units. The complex structure of the catalase tetramer as well as the hydrophobic nature of heme and its potential in generating reactive oxygen species indicate the need for tightly controlled and assisted assembly of catalase (Baureder). They are much different from the peroxidases, with considerable pleated sheet structure, and usually with a bound NADPH molecule (Dunford 12). Enzymes are important because they protect the cell from oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species. Catalase levels help to define the oxidative state of cells (Terlecky).

These superoxides may be dangerous because they alter the structure of iron and protein via reduction. They may also undergo dismutation to form hydrogen peroxide which, in turn, gives rise to hydroxyl radicals, the most reactive ROS (Gulumian and Van Wyk, 1987; Agarwal et al., 2005). Hydrogen peroxide is not a free radical but its neutral charge allows it to pass through cell membranes and so this makes it very dangerous (Kurutas, 2015). Other internal or endogenous sources for these free radicals are inflammation, xanthine oxidase, peroxisomes, phagocytosis, exercise and ischaemia. Exogenous factors which lead to the development of these ROS include smoking, ozone, environmental pollutants, radiation, pesticides and drugs (Lobo et al.,

Catalase is an enzyme that converts hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water. Catalase is most commonly found in the liver of animals. Catalase is essential because peroxide is toxic to our

Introduction This research experiment will fundamentally focus on the activity of catalase, an enzyme that can be found in nearly every living organism. The essential function of catalase is to decompose hydrogen peroxide to produce water and oxygen. This enzyme also plays a major role within the protection of the cell from the oxidative damage that the reactive oxygen species are capable of causing. In addition, catalase is known to have the ability of chemically converting substrates such as hydrogen peroxide at the rate of approximately 5 million molecules to water and oxygen per second. In terms of its biochemical structure, this enzyme has folded protein subunits organized in a multi-subunit complex of four polypeptide chains, with

Enzymes such as Catalase are protein molecules that are found in living cells. They are used to speed up specific reactions in the cells. Each enzyme just performs one particular reaction so they are all very specific. Catalase enzymes found in living cells e.g. in yeast, potato or liver, speed up (in our case) the breaking down of hydrogen peroxide.

Another strength in the investigation was that all liver cubes were derived from the same source of liver. All liver cubes used for each of the seven experimental groups came from the same sheep’s liver. It is possible that different livers have different concentrations of catalase, therefore, different rates at which they breakdown hydrogen peroxide into

The glowing splint test was used to find what gas was being produced by the reaction. First, a match was lit by swiping it across the side of the matchbox meant for lighting the match. Then, the wooden splint was lit by the lit match. When the splint began to glow orange, the flame on the splint was blown out. Immediately after being blown out the burnt end of the splint was held over the test tube where the reaction was taking place. If hydrogen is being released then a pop can be heard. If oxygen is being produced then the splint will be re-ignited.

Catalase is an enzyme that is found in most of the organisms that are exposed to oxygen (O_2). The substrate for catalase is hydrogen peroxide (H_2 O_2). This is because catalase and hydrogen peroxide

Peroxisomes are a membrane bound organelles which find in cytoplasm of eukaryotes. The main role of peroxisome is to break down biological compounds (such as fatty acids, foreign materials…) by transferring the hydrogen atoms from these compounds to molecular oxygen. As a result, peroxisomes generate hydrogen peroxides. Then, in order to protect the cell from the damage of hydrogen peroxides, they will be degraded by catalase, one of the most important enzymes of peroxisome, to water and oxygen. As a result, peroxisomes have many functions such as beta oxidation of fatty acids from a long chain of fatty acids to a small chain (have approximately 10 carbons). Peroxisomes also play an important role in the synthesis of bile acid because peroxisomes help shortening of the side chain and conjugation in that process.

Enzymes are protein molecules that act as catalysts for chemical reactions. Enzymes increases the rate of chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy of the reaction that it catalyses. All organisms rely on enzymes to catalyse chemical reactions and without them many reactions that would occur would proceed to slowly not being useful. Livers contain a specific enzyme called a catalase. When hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is added to liver, a chemical reaction occurs in which the the hydrogen peroxide is broken down into oxygen gas (O2) and water (H2O). Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a colorless unstable chemical that is used for oxidizing and produced as a byproduct. It is important that the catalase in the liver breaks the hydrogen peroxide