The Effects Of Chemotherapy For Breast Cancer

Currently mammography and ultrasound are basic imaging techniques for detection and localization of breast tumor. Breast Ultrasound is a typically painless medical test that uses reflected sound waves for further evaluation of a breast abnormality or a specific area seen on mammography. Ultrasound can locate and measure abnormalities or changes to determine if a breast lump is solid or filled with fluid. A mammogram is an x-ray of the breast which may find tumors that are too small to feel. Women aged 40 to 74 years should have annual screening mammograms to lower chance of dying from breast cancer(2,15).Mammograms are less likely to find breast tumors in women younger than 50 years. This may

Herceptin can be used as an adjuvant treatment for breast cancer. [7] The inclusion criteria for adjuvant Herceptin therapy includes HER2+ breast cancer, nodal positive tumour, patients who have received approved neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy regimen and a normal cardiac function. [8][9] Exclusion criteria includes patients with a clinically significant coronary heart disease, patients requiring continuous oxygen etc. In adjuvant breast cancer therapy, Herceptin can be used in addition to other chemotherapy drugs like doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide and either docetaxel or paclitaxel in a treatment regimen known as AC-TH. It can also be used in another treatment regimen known as TCH which includes docetaxel and cyclophosphamide. Herceptin can also be used as monotherapy treatment following a chemotherapy regimen. [8] Monotherapy Herceptin can only be given as a three-weekly schedule at a loading dose of 8mg/kg and a

MRI provides both anatomic and physiologic information. It is the modality of choice when cartilage, nerves, or organs are of interest. Magnetic resonance imaging does not give off any ionizing radiation. Instead, the magnetic force reacts with the hydrogen in our bodies to show the images. Because of this fact, it is the least harmful to the patient.

First a look back: In October, many of us at the Coalition had the pleasure of attending the 3rd Annual Multidisciplinary Breast Cancer Seminar right here in Rochester. This event was developed and produced by Physicians and Laypersons Educational Associates of Greater Rochester New York (PLEA of GRNY) an organization founded by mother and son physicians, Dr. Ruby Belton and Dr. Douglas Belton Jr. PLEA of GRNY represents a union of multidisciplinary breast cancer care physicians, other medical caregivers, and laypeople. This seminar offered us a chance to learn about emerging trends in breast cancer treatment, as well as receive updates about current treatments. The multidisciplinary approach meant that physicians specializing in diagnostic radiology, surgical oncology, medical oncology, radiation oncology, plastic surgery and survivorship presented on topics about their specialty areas throughout the evening. It was a treat to have many of our well-known providers front and center at the dais or on the panel. We also heard from a lawyer who presented on the legal aspects of Governor Cuomo’s new

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a test that uses a magnetic field and pulses of radio wave energy to make pictures of organs and structures inside the body. In many cases, MRI gives different information about structures in the body than can be seen with an X-ray, ultrasound, or computed tomography (CT) scan. MRI also may show problems that cannot be seen with other imaging methods.

While the word chemotherapy means any drug used to treat all kinds of ailment, it has become de facto treatment associated with cancer. Often shortenedThioplex (Thiotepa) chemotherapy treatment for breast and ovarian cancer

Cancer unlike other illnesses is very unique in the fact we have to accept a certain level of toxicity well above that of any other group of pharmacologic agents. It is the toxicity of these agents which is the single most important factor preventing their use in doses that could often be curative. Ultimately the utility of most chemotherapy drugs depends on their therapeutic-to-toxic ratio, comparing the good and bad effects (Alwood et al, 1997). Other variables include the severity, predictability and reversibility of side effects. Although we are learning a lot more about the predictive side effects of many individual cancer drugs, most cancer patients require multi-drug therapies. Cancer patients often have chemotherapy regimens consisting of three or four different compounds along with other supportive therapy.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a scan used for a medical imaging procedure. With the use of a magnetic field and radio waves, an MRI scan takes pictures of the inside of the patient’s body. An MRI scan is particularly useful when images of soft tissue such as organs and muscles that do not generally appear on x-ray examinations need to be collected. X-rays generally image calcium present in bones, so they are useful to image bones. MRI scans image water as opposed to other diagnostic tools including X-rays or CAT scans. Thus, this makes them useful because every tissue of the body has various amounts of water present. This allows high-resolution pictures of numerous amounts of organs and tissues to be produced particularly of areas that

Medical imaging is one of the most beneficial discoveries made in this century since it has provided medical professional with the visualisation of the internal structure of human body. This visualisation is of great significants to the medical professionals in diagnostics and the treatment of diseases. Imaging is obtained by using a source such as X-ray, ultrasound, gamma ray photons and magnetic fields. Since these sources obtain radiations that can be harmful for the body, it is important that the doses are being reduced. Each individual imaging technique provides the professionals with specific set of information, however, the ability of them to illustrate the details differs from each other significantly. As a result, a detailed picture would provide the most beneficial information for diagnoses of patients.

Sensitivity and specificity of MRI has been reported to vary from 70% -100% and 17-89%

Visual inspection of the MRI image is used to determine intensity thresholds or the fatty, fibroglandular, and transition regions in the histogram of Fig. 2(b). The intensity at which the local peak occurs within the higher end of the intensity spectrum of Fig. 2(b) is mapped to the median Debye parameters chosen for fatty tissue. The maximum pixel intensity within this fatty region of the histogram is mapped to the minimum fatty tissue Debye parameters, and the minimum fatty tissue pixel intensity is mapped to the maximum fatty tissue Debye parameters. The same process is applied to the fibroglandular tissue region clustered at the lower end of the pixel intensity spectrum. Pixel intensities within the transition region are mapped to Debye parameters that span the range between the fatty maximum and fibroglandular minimum. Fig. 3(b) shows a histogram of the resulting dielectric constant at 6 GHz when the median Debye parameters are assigned the values listed in Table I for fatty and fibroglandular tissue and the variation about each of the two medians is chosen to be

Breast cancer is one of the major causes of death in cancer patients all over the world. Tumor node- metastasis (TNM) is a standard staging system for breast cancer. TNM staging system also provides the basis for the prognosis for breast cancer. The prognosis for breast cancer is majorly based on two factors; tumor size and biological factors. However, these factors have been further divided into subdivisions and have been discussed. In this paper the stages of breast cancer have been discussed along with the prognosis of breast cancer in detail.

The MRI is possible in the human body because our bodies are filled with small biological ?magnets?, the most abundant and responsive of these are the protons. The principal of the MRI is that it utilizes the random distribution of protons, which have basic magnetic properties. Once the patient is placed in the cylindrical magnet, the diagnosis process follows 3 steps. First, MRI

MRI gives high quality images of the body parts and is often used while treating tumors. To detect the tumor area in the human brain, separation of cells from the nuclei is

It is also the leading cause of cancer death in women aged from 20 to 59 years old [1]. These alarming statistics arise from the fact that there are limitations in both current detection and treatment methods [2-5]. Advancements are, therefore, needed in early detection, to increase survival rates and improve clinical outcomes [6]. In addition, localized treatments are needed to overcome the side effects that are associated with current breast cancer therapies [7].