The Effects Of Comorbid Alcohol And Depression And Four Solely On Depression

DBT is designed to treat clients at all levels of severity and complexity of disorders. A growing body of empirical studies has examined DBT. DBT has been the subject of the most study and is the most widely used (Carson-Wong, Rizvi, & Steffel, 2013).

CBT also fails to recognise the impact of situations or experiences that are out of the control of the individual and places total responsibility on the individual. Further, research has shown that although CBT is superior in treating anxiety and depression it does so only by reducing/eliminating symptoms and does little to increase well-being, however with a renewed emphasis incorporating symptom reduction and increased quality of life this appears to be changing (Oei & McAlinden,

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in contrast to many other therapeutic frameworks has both an explicit rationale and an empirically demonstrable success rate. In addition to the wealth of published case histories there are a plethora of controlled studies attesting to the efficacy of CBT interventions with an equally diverse range of psychological and behavioral conditions. (Emmelkamp et al 1992).

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is among the most extensively tested psychotherapies for depression. Many studies have confirmed the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) as a treatment for depression. This paper will provide background information about the intervention, address the target population, and describe program structure and key components. It will also provide examples of program implementation, challenges/barriers to implementing the practice, address how the practice supports recovery from a serious mental illness standpoint and provide a summary. Although there are several types of therapy available to treat depression and other mood disorders, CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy) has been one of the most widely

At each visit, the study assessed the severity of patient 's depression, as well as the frequency and amount of drinking between visits. After 12 weeks in the study, 53% of participants were in remission from their depression. Two thirds or 66% had avoided relapsing into heavy drinking, and 49% totally refrained form drinking during the study. Results showed that any relapse to heavy drinking was associated with reduced likelihood of a depression remission or depressive symptoms.

In addition, CBT is effective because it has the capacity to treat a wide variety of psychological disorders. Among adults, it has been proven effective in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), phobias, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), substance abuse/dependence, common marital problems and diet disorders. To conduct CBT within older individuals, it is important to assess cognitive capacity, evaluate whether a patient has sufficient memory function and cognitive processing skills. A brief cognitive screen such as the Montreal Cognitive Assessment is effective to assess early problems with executive functioning. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) is another recommended screen for severity of depressive symptoms.

CBT is a psychotherapeutic treatment that can be used to aid the patient. CBT is grounded on the idea that behavioral and cognitive approaches can help the patient cope with SAD better (Hope, Burns, Hayes, Herbert, Warner, 2007).

Does cognitive-behavioral therapy work just as well as antidepressants when treating depression? How we perceive our depression is what helps to determine the type of treatment necessary. Antidepressants treat the common symptoms of depression rather than the condition while therapy helps change the thought process so the disease is cured in the end. Many studies are done to provide necessary information to what the answer to this question should be. The following articles provided studies that explained the effects of treatment with medication, with therapy, or a combination of both.

Treatments using anti-depressants is well documented, but there are very few studies documenting only the use of psychotherapy. However, in one study done using the Cognitive–behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy (CBASP) as a maintenance treatment, the overall findings show that psychotherapy in itself can be successful. “ There were 82 patients who were treated with CBASP long term. Patients were chosen at random to reduce their treatment to monthly or to an observational status. The patients, only treated monthly with CBASP, showed a smaller amount of reoccurring symptoms then the patients in the observational status. These findings support the use of only CBASP as a maintenance treatment for depression.” (Klein, 2004)

A probable reason why CBT works with depressed patients is that depression interacts with both cognitive and motivational processes. This is well evidenced in experimental analogue research with healthy and depressed individuals. Individuals with depression show deficits on a range of cognitive tests (Brown, Scott, Bench, 1994) with the pattern of dysfunction having many of the characteristics associated with fronto-subcortical impairment. Reischies and Neu (2000) found that depressed individuals displayed mild cognitive impairments in comparison with matched controls, particularly in the areas of "adverbial" memory, psychomotor speed and verbal fluency. Further in these patients there appears to be considerable variation in the recovery of cognitive function with remission of the depressive episode.

The next study I found with CBT and how effective it is with its intervention comes from the article of Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions With Older Adults: Intergrading Clinical and Gerontological Research. What was found was, “Bech and Ellis argument that emotional distress is unrealistic or irrational may not be acceptable to persons facing such real problems. However, the cognitive-behavioral approach can be seen as optimistic in arguing that some improvement in depressed mood is virtually always possible” (Satre, Knight, & David 2006 p. 495). The study also found that, “Experience suggests both that older clients may have much to be unhappy about that they may be more unhappy than is necessary because they catastrophize negative events, or overgeneralized the causes or effects of bad events” (Satre, Knight, & David 2006 p. 495). It was found in the end that older adults facing many problems, CBT might need to change and concentrate on the short term-interventions. I wanted to add that research on CBT has found to that, with CBT there has been results showing there are major improvement of treatments by the end of a certain amount of sessions. With this said, “Unless the patient is participating in an outcome study, the amount of time that the patient spends in therapy is dependent on the nature of the problems being, confronted, the level of motivation, that patient’s availability for session’s, and the number of presenting life issues” (Dattilio &Freeman

Many of the early theories of addiction “were based primarily on studying alcohol-dependent individuals” (Hart & Ksir, 2013, p.409). The use of CBT began with the treatment of alcohol dependence or alcoholism. CBT today is not designed for a particular substance but is the treatment for a variety of addictions. Cognitive behavioral therapy is an approach that uses cognitive-therapy techniques with behavioral skills training. With cognitive behavioral therapy individuals learn to identify and change behaviors that may lead to the continuation of drug use. CBT has “been shown to be more effective at decreasing substance use than most standard psychotherapies” (Hart & Ksir, 2013, p.414). CBT has proven to have beneficial effects that last as long as a year following treatment. CBT

CBT is an integrated approach using various combinations of cognitive and behavioral modification interventions and techniques (Myers, 2005). The aim is to change maladaptive patterns of thinking and behaving that impact clients in the present (Weiten et al., 2009). From a cognitive behavioral perspective Jane would be diagnosed as having faulty thinking and dysfunctional behavioral issues suffering from depression, and anxiety in the form of Agoraphobia (Weiten et al., 2009).

Major depressive disorder affects nearly 15 million of American adults in a given year. (Kessler, Chiu, Demler & Walters, 2005). With the impact it has on the society as well as the well-being of the individual, it must be in the interest of the healthcare to be able to provide patients with the most effective treatment method. Extensive research has been conducted on the efficacy of antidepressant medication and cognitive therapy, the two main treatment methods used for depression today. The discussion has, however, been characterized by conflicting claims, resulting in a debate over what should be used rather than us having definite conclusion of how patients are best helped.

Behavioural Activation is approved as an effective psychological method to treating the depression by National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (National Institute of Health and Care Excellence, 2009). BA is built on the notion that depression continues due to changes in behaviour, starting from early depression and a further withdrawal from healthy activities will assist in a lack of constructive reinforcements resulting into further substantial depressive emotions; thus paving the way for vicious cycle (Price, 2013). It has been suggested by research that behavioural activation part of CBT (Beck, Rush, & Shaw, 1979) alone is equally effective as full CBT treatment (Jacobson , Dobson, & Traux, 1996). Beck et al (1979) encouraged the