The Effects Of Diabetes Melllitus

With over 30 million people having diabetes, the prevalence is continuing to rise. An estimated 200,000 American youth are effected by type 1 diabetes and 40,000 new cases are diagnosed each year¹. The rate for type 1 diabetes in youth has increased by 1.8% each year. In comparison, the prevalence for type 2 diabetes in youth has increased at a rate of 4.8% annually². No matter whether diabetes is type 1 or type 2 in children, family involvement is essential for optimal outcomes³.

The current study demonstrates that diabetic group induces a decrease in body growth rate during the experimental period studied as compared to control group. The decrease in body weight in diabetic rats could be due to dehydration and catabolism of fats and proteins. Such results are in agreement with previous studies[ , ]. However, group III showed increase in body weight that renders them to near the normal control group. The increase in body weight of glibenclamide treated rats may be due to increase insulin secretion or increase food consumption. Also, oral administration of Ch.t extract for eight weeks to diabetic rats increased their food consumption and improved body weight. This could be due to a better control

What is diabetes mellitus, and what action can I take to manage my Diabetes? Diabetes is a disease that affects the body systems that include; nervous system, integumentary system, genitourinary system, cardiovascular system, circulatory system, and endocrine system. In the Chinese traditions they see diabetes as having a yin deficiency or having an excessive amount of yang that is causing disharmony between the elements that provide nourishment to you spleen and pancreas. The medical and nutritional approach interconnects when investigating the individual cause of the increase susceptibility to diabetes mellitus.

Insulin. Needles. Syringes. Test strips. Glucose. Ketones. Insulin Pump. Endocrinologist. These are all things that go hand in hand with diabetes. Everyone who has diabetes goes through different events or problems each and every day. However, there is more than just one type of diabetes that corresponds with these things; there are two distinct types. It is unsure how Diabetes was discovered but now there are much simpler ways to detect if someone is diabetic. As time has gone on, it is greatly apparent that the technology and all that scientists know about diabetes has changed.

Chronic elevated glucose in blood (hyperglycemia) with disturbances metabolism of protein, fat and carbohydrate resulting from disorder in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. (1) Expected to increase diabetic patients by 2025 to approximately 300 million people in the worldwide (2) In ancient times it was difficult to identify diabetes as the ability of patients to heal weak, the researchers think the diabetes resulting from defect in the bladder and kidneys are the cause of diabetes. (6)

Metformin is a medication that works by decreasing the amount of glucose that the liver

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a condition in the body that is related to a faulty metabolism. It means that the body’s metabolism is not functioning properly, which leads to adverse effects in the health. The food we ingest, gets broken down into blood sugar (glucose), which is what fuels our body in the form of energy. This converted glucose needs to enter our cells so that it can be used for energy and growth. And in order for the glucose to enter our cells, there needs to be insulin present, which the beta cells of the pancreas is responsible for producing. This hormone is responsible for maintaining glucose level in the blood. It allows the body cells to use glucose as a main

A clinical study placed in the package insert for canagliflozin compared 2 different doses, (100mg and 300mg) of it to a placebo. This study was designed to determine how effective canagliflozin was at lowering blood glucose levels for Type 2 diabetic patients already on Metformin. The study evaluated 1,284 patients who took a certain dose for 26 weeks. The results revealed that canagliflozin given at a dose of 300mg by mouth once per day decreased blood glucose levels from a baseline of 7.95% by 0.94%. Canagliflozin given at a dose of 100mg by mouth once per day decreased blood glucose levels from a baseline of 7.94% by 0.79%. The canagliflozin 300mg dose also lowered fasting plasma glucose (FPG) from a baseline of 173mg/dL by 38 mg/dL. Canagliflozin 100mg lowered FPG from a baseline of 169mg/dL by 27mg/dL (p<0.001 for both doses).2

Diabetes mellitus, commonly known as diabetes, is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic high blood sugar levels. It is caused by an absolute or functional deficiency of circulating insulin, resulting in an inability to transfer glucose from the bloodstream into tissues where it is needed as fuel (Ahmed, Laing and Yates 2011). The disruption in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins interferes with the secretion or action of insulin, which plays a vital role in the metabolism and utilization of energy from the nutrients especially carbohydrates. Insulin is produced in the pancreas and secreted in the gastrointestinal tract in the response to high blood sugar levels after ingestion of a substance (REFERENCE).

For many type 2 diabetic patients, lifestyle modifications with a combination of metformin is not effective. For improved individualized HbA1c targets, a combination of metformin and a secondary therapy is recommended. (5) Although this therapy is recommended, many healthcare providers recommend patients to use a dual or triple oral therapy before choosing to use injectable basal insulin and a GLP-1 in order to reach the desired individualized targets.

Type 2 diabetes results from a multitude of defects: impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance, and defects in GLP-1 secretion and action. Prior to the onset and throughout the course of the disease, beta cell function and pancreatic mass deteriorate; causes may be lipotoxicity, glucose toxicity, increased age, genetics, insulin resistance, and incretin deficiency. Insulin resistance takes place in the liver, adipose, and skeletal tissues (1), ultimately leading to decreased peripheral uptake and hyperglycemia. In the liver, lack of insulin action results in gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, further potentiating the hyperglycemia. In fat cells, decreased GLUT4 leads to excessive release of free fatty acids and adipocytokines (2). Because

If the levels of ketone bodies (acetoacetic acid and β-hydroxybutyrate acid) are allowed to increase, their acidic nature lowers the blood pH (low pH = high amount of acid) and hence the result is diabetic ketoacidosis. The bicarbonate/carbonic acid buffer prevents a large drop in blood pH, but even a drop of 0.3 to 0.5 pH units is sufficient to decrease the sodium concentration. A decrease of sodium ions in the interstitial fluid draws out potassium ions from the cells, which leads to impaired brain function and coma. High levels of ketone bodies and glucose in the blood also draws water out of cells. As glucose passes through the kidneys and into the urine, water follows and causes osmotic diuresis, resulting in dehydration. The classical symptom in patients with poorly controlled diabetes is the fruity smell on the breath. This is due to the volatile ketone body acetone. Other symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis is frequent urination, and increased thirst due to water

Reactive hypoglycemia, a rare form of hypoglycemia, increases insulin levels after the consumption of excess carbohydrates, leading to a drop in blood glucose levels. This differs from conventional hypoglycemia where blood glucose drops several hours after a meal, but can easily be returned to normal by the consumption of food. Reactive hypoglycemia can cause fatigue, dizziness, shakiness, and in extreme cases, a coma. Although no effective treatments exist, glucagon, a peptide hormone derived from pancreatic alpha cells, seems to reduce symptoms. In the proposed experiment, the effectiveness of glucagon relative to a regimen of dietary control, exercise, and Acarbose will be tested on Zucker-diabetic-fatty (ZDF) rats (Rattus rattus). Three

Diabetes Mellitus is “a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. It is a disease which is caused by the insufficient insulin secretion or decrease in the peripheral effects of insulin. It is a serious problem in terms of morbidity and mortality. The hyperglycemia is associated with long term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels. It’s associated with many complications which includes blindness of the eyes and amputations of the extremities. It is also associated with neuropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular diseases which lead to mortalities.

Diabetes is a systemic disease caused by a decrease in the secretion of insulin or reduced sensitivity or responsiveness to insulin by target tissue. (Beale, et al., 2011) The incidence of diabetes is growing rapidly in the United States and worldwide. An estimated 347 million people around the world are afflicted with diabetes. (Whalen, et al., 2012) According to World Health Organization (WHO), Diabetes prevalence among adults over 18 years of age has risen from 4.7% in 1980 to 8.5% in 2014. It is the major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attack, stroke and limbic amputation. World Health Organization (WHO) projects that diabetes will be the 7th leading cause of death in 2030. It is a complex and costly disease that can affect nearly every organ in the body and result in devastating consequences. The leading cause of non-traumatic lower extremity amputations, renal failure, and blindness in working-age adults, diabetes is also a major cause of premature mortality, stroke, cardiovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, congenital malformations, perinatal mortality, and disability. (Cefalu, 2000) Insulin therapy and oral hypoglycemic agents have demonstrated improvement in glycaemic control. However, Insulin therapy has some disadvantages such as ineffectiveness following oral administration, short shelf life, of the need for constant refrigeration, and fatal hypoglycaemia, in the event of excess dosage.