The Effects Of Eye Diseases

Cin1 regulates growth and pathogenesis of Cn and its function is linked to the human WASp homolog Wsp1 and the GTPase Cdc42 that regulate actin dynamics. Cin1 contains multiple protein domains that share certain similarity, but not identical, to human intersectin ITSN1. In contrast, Cin1 exhibits limited protein domain conservation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc) endocytic protein Pan1. No Cin1 homolog was identified in Sc, likewise, a Pan1 homolog was also not found in Cn. However, several proteins that are homologous to Sc proteins and function in the Pan1 pathway were identified from Cn, including the Eps15 (EH) protein Ede1 that is a functional partner of Pan1 in Sc. We hypothesize that the Cn Ede1 homolog is a component of the Cin1 pathway and that its functional characterization will allow for a better understanding of intracellular trafficking in Cn. Importantly, we have generated an ede1 mutant and will characterize Ede1 in comparison with Cin1 using complementary genetic and proteomic

The goal of this study was to induce a deletion in the DMAP1 gene on chromosome two in Drosophila melanogaster through P-element mobilization. The DMAP1 gene may be an essential gene, however not much is known about it. We attempted to uncover the function of DMAP1 by creating a series of genetic crosses and selecting for brown-eyed non-stubble male flies that may have the deletion. To test whether these flies had the deletion, we produced PCR products and ran them on an agarose gel, which resulted as inconclusive. We created a balanced stock of flies homozygous for the deletion to see if the

Drosophila Melanogaster, commonly known as fruit flies, are highly important model organisms in pertaining to biological research. The logic behind their recurrent use is due to their: easy culture in the laboratory, brief generation time, and ability to produce large numbers of offspring. In this report, we created isolated virgin D. Melanogaster from the original three populations we were given and then created crosses between them. Upon observation, we noticed an unusual mutant that arose from two of the three created crosses. We suspected that this genetic mutation had previously been discovered and named.

Jack J, DeLotto Y. Effect of Wing Scalloping Mutations on Cut Expression and Sense Organ Differentiation in the Drosophila Wing Margin. Genetics. 1992;131(2):353-363.

Lab 3a had involved 4 F1 generation crosses: a sex-linked cross between white eyed males and heterozygous wild-type female flies (XWY x X+XW), a dihybrid cross between heterozygous wild-type winged flies (Apterous carriers) that have wild-type eyes (but are sepia color carriers (ap+/ap; se+/se x ap+/ap; se+/se) , a monohybrid cross between Apterous and wild-type winged flies (ap/ap x ap+/ap+), and a dihybrid cross between wild type flies that are vestigial winged and sepia trait carriers (vg+/vg; se+/se x vg+/vg; se+/se).

Most genes don't do anything as flamboyant as the changing our eye color, instead, they make enzymes, which are deep inside our cells. These enzymes are important for organisms because they do different jobs that are needed for living, for example, running chemical reactions that are used help us digest our food, and burn energy. Metabolism is the name of these chemical reactions.

Introduction: The gene that codes for red-green color blindness, the most common form of color blindness in humans, is found on the X chromosome. One in 12 males is color blind. In females, however, color blindness affects only about 1 in 200. Why is

Thomas Hunt Morgan won the Nobel prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1933. He won this prize for studying the genetics of the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster). Thomas won this award for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosomes in heredity. His lab constructed the first genetic maps of chromosomes. He was educated at the University of Kentucky, where he took his B.S. degree in 1886, subsequently doing postgraduate work at Johns Hopkins University, where he studied morphology with W. K. Brooks, and physiology with H. Newell Martin. He used the common fruit fly as a model organism for genetic studies. The reason that fruit flies are so widely used is because they are easily cultured in the lab, have a short generation time, have a diploid number of 8 (4 homologous pairs of chromosome), are inexpensive, have easily seen traits, and can

What was especially interesting to note, was that the equivalent gene for fur color in the mouse, MCR1, has its human equivalent that dictates skin color. Both gene variations serve a protective function, but the mechanism of protection is quite different. For mice, it works as camouflage, but in humans it protects against ultraviolet light. Since mice and humans are both

Color vision is an evolutionary trait that provides primates with significant reproductive and survival value (Gomes, Pessoa, Suganuma, Tomaz, & Pessoa, 2002). Fascinatingly, humans and apes share over 99% of their genetic makeup (Wildman, Uddin, Liu, Grossman, & Goodman, 2003). However, the quantity and quality of color vision varies within and between species in the primate world. Primates are divided into two groups, the Old World and the New World. The New World primates are located in the rainforests of South America and surrounding areas, while the Old World primates are from the tropical areas of Africa and Asia (Regan et al., 2005). The vast range of geographical locations inhabited by

Three other genes make proteins that are also involved in melanin pigment formation and albinism, but the exact role of these proteins remains unknown. These genes are the P gene on chromosome 15, the Hermansky--Pudlak syndrome gene on chromosome 10, and the ocular albinism gene on the X chromosome.

Albinism is a genetic condition caused by an autosomal recessive gene that affects normal pigmentation in animals. In Neotropical freshwater fish fauna, albinism cases are extremely rare, with only 14 species recorded among more than 6000 described. Here we describe the first reported case of albinism in the South American catfish Imparfinis mirini. The albino fish was collected in July/2016 with a seine net in a stream in southeast Brazil. Although albinism can decrease the chance of fish survival, the cryptic and nocturnal habits of this species and the low amount of piscivorous fish and birds in the stream may have favored its growth. Two possible explanations for the appearance of the albino fish were discussed: a genetic disorder caused

The agouti gene takes control the sharing of black pigment through the creation of eumelanin, the pigment can be uniformed or shared to places on this body these include the edge of the ears, the mane, the tail, the lower legs and the nose. The agouti gene is very different and unique for many different reasons; the agouti gene is extremely different phenotypically which depends on the method of diffusion and it has different genetic material which is dependent on the zygosity.

[12] Somatic mutations are spontaneously occurring genetic alterations of DNA sequence and accumulating in somatic cells during the person’s lifespan. These genetic alterations encompass distinct classes such as insertions or deletions of large or small segments of DNA, substitutions, translocations as well as copy number variations. Somatic mutations can be caused by external factors like chemicals ultraviolet (UV) light and ionizing radiation and internal factors due to cell division. The greater number of these alterations is harmless as a polymorphism and have no negative effects on a person’s health, while some fraction can have progressive accumulation and lead to the cancer. Therefore the term “driver mutation” is used to denote mutations that are involved in the development of the cancer, and positively selected in the tumour microenvironment, and “passenger mutation” for genetic changes that has no phenotypic consequences and contribution to the cancer development.

The study of Drosophila oogenesis provides invaluable information about signaling pathway regulation and cell cycle programming. During Drosophila oogenesis, a string of egg chambers in each ovariole progressively develops toward maturity. Egg chamber development consists of 14 stages. From stage 1 to stage 6 (mitotic cycle), mainbody follicle cells undergo mitotic divisions. From stage 7 to stage 10a (endocycle), follicle cells cease mitosis but continue another three rounds of endoreduplication. From stage 10a to stage 13 (gene amplification), instead of whole genome duplication, follicle cells selectively amplify specific genomic regions, mostly for chorion production. So far, Drosophila oogenesis is one of the most well-studied model systems to understand cell cycle switches, which furthers our knowledge about cell cycle control machinery and sheds new light on potential cancer treatments. Here, we give a brief summary of cell cycle switches, their involved signaling pathways and factors, and detailed experimental procedures to