The Effects Of Gemcitabine Resistance On Patients With Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer Essay

However, the majority of known anti-cancer drugs target normal cells as well. Methotrexate, formerly known as amethopterin, is an antimetabolite used in the treatment of some forms of cancer (Shacter and Law, 1956). It inhibits the function of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) by tightly binding to the enzyme. Following this slow interaction between methotrexate and DHFR, an enzyme-NADPH-inhibitor complex is formed (Stone et al., 1984). Therein, DHFR is rendered unable to catalyze the NADPH-dependent reduction of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate (Anderson, 2017). Tetrahydrofolate is an important methyl group shuttle in the de novo synthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides and some amino acids (Barbara and Hiroshi, 2002). Therefore, eliminating it from cells is a good therapeutic strategy against cancer cells, as it would limit the de novo synthesis of purines and pyrimidines (Lane and Fan, 2015). Inhibiting the function of DHFR by its competitive inhibitor methotrexate is one such good therapeutic strategy, as it would disable DHFR from converting dihydrofolate into tetrahydrofolate. However, some types of cancer cells had acquired some forms of resistance against methotrexate (Hans et al., 2011). Equally important, methotrexate should be administered in well established low doses, because it affects

There are many different type of cancers, there are also many different types of treatments. One of the most known types of treatments would be chemotherapy. Chemotherapy can be used for a wide range of different types of cancers and diseases, and each of the different types of cancers or diseases require a different group, and sometimes order, of chemicals to properly treat the cancer or disease. These chemicals include: Alkylating agents, Antimetabolites, Anthracyclines, Topoisomerase inhibitors, mitotic inhibitors, corticosteroids, and more. Each of these drugs previously listed have its own cancer type(s) or disease(s) that it can assist in treating. Some of these cancers include: Leukemia, Lymphoma, Hodgkin disease, multiple

This drug works by damaging the DNA in cancer cells and stopping them from multiplying. It binds together the strands of DNA so that cells can’t grow and divide (Cancer Research UK, 2015).

Pancreatic Cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Currently there is no cure for this cancer and all available treatments simply prolong the life of the patient. Diagnosing pancreatic cancer rarely occurs at the onset of the disease due to the location of the pancreas in the body. Symptoms such as weight loss and upper abdominal pain do not show up until it is too late. Enzymes produced by tumors known as tumor markers are not reliable until the disease has well progressed. Once you have been diagnosed with Pancreatic Cancer there are different types of treatments that are offered to prolong your life.

Pancreatic Cancer Axia College (2009) Pancreatic cancer is an abnormal, uncontrolled growth of the cells in the pancreas, which is a digestive gland located behind the stomach. The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine gland. Cancer of the exocrine pancreas is more common than cancerof the endocrine pancreas. Pancreaticcancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer related deaths among men and women. Pancreatic cancer remains both a challenge to diagnose and even a greater challenge to treat effectively. What is the pancreas? The pancreas is a spongy, tube-shaped organ about six inches long. The pancreas is located in the back of the abdomen, behind the stomach. The head of the pancreas is on the right side of the abdomen. The

Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest types of cancer. The cancer is normally not found till it's in the further stages. Pancreatic cancer is when tumors are formed in the pancreas. There are two types of Pancreatic cancer,endocrine and endocrine tumors.Exocrine is the most common type of pancreatic cancer. The main type of Exocrine tumor is Pancreatic adenocarcinoma. About 95% of exocrine tumors are pancreatic adenocarcinoma. This type of cancer usually begins in the ducts of the pancreas. Endocrine tumors and uncommon and make up less than 4% of pancreatic cancer. They both occur in people over 40, and a little more common in men. Pancreatic cancer cause is still unknown, research shows that damage to the DNA can be a cause. It is also

Cancer is a disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells. The DNA sequence in cells can be changed as a result of copying errors during replication. If these changes whatever their cause are left uncorrected, both growing and non-growing somatic cells might gain many mutations that they could no longer function. The relevance of DNA damage and repair to the generation of cancer was obvious when it was recognized that everything that causes cancer also cause a change in the DNA sequence. Tumor suppressor genes are protective genes and normally they limit cell growth by monitoring the speed of cell division, repair mismatched DNA and control when a cell dies. When a tumor suppressor gene is mutated cells grow

Compound 3a was selected by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) USA for anticancer screening with the NCI code D-785902/1. Compound 3c was found in the already tested cancer candidates in the NCI data base under NCI code NSC: 650353[42]. Both candidates were screened on human tumour cell lines at 10-5 M at the 60-Cell-Line Screenings of the Developmental Therapeutics Program (DTP) of the National Cancer Institute (NCI, Bethesda, Maryland, USA) under the drug discovery program of the NCI. The 60-cell-line-screening of the NCI includes 60 different tumour cell lines, the nine various organs and tumour types derived (leukaemia, non-small-cell lung cancer, colon cancer, CNS cancer, melanoma,

The pancreas is a glandular organ that serves as two glands in one: As a hormone-producing endocrine gland that produces different important hormones, including insulin, glucagon and somoatostaina as well as serves as a digestive exocrine gland that secrets pancreatic juice which has enzymes that help break down food after it has left the stomach. pancreas is both an exocrine and endocrine cell which is arranged in clusters that is known as Langerhans. Pancreatic cancer is caused by Adenocarcinoma which is cancer of exocrine cell and this happens

These chemicals inhibit the DNA in cancer cells to inhibit them from growing and multiplying.5 This would slow the spread of the cancer in the body. Anthracyclines are a group of anti-tumor antibiotic and interfere with the enzymes involved in DNA replication. They bind to parts on the unwound strand of DNA, which stop the process of transcription, therefore stopping replication.7 The anthracyclines include daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, and idarubicin. Other anti-tumor antibiotics include actinamyocin-D, bleomycin, mitamycin-C, and mitoxantrone. Anti-tumor antibiotics can cause permanent damage to the heart with issues such as heart

I am a lucky yet unlucky man. They call it PanCan, short for Pancreatic Cancer, there are many stages I must say yet there are relatively 20% survival rate and to get to live up to five years? 6% chance. The larger my tumor gets the less likely it’ll be cured. They give me 2 years top, if I am lucky; but I’ve learned to cope with the cancer. You see even people who have 3-5 cm appear to have been cured by surgery, I have hope. On a daily basis I find myself struggling with daily activities, changes in appearances and even anxiety of the future, and on top of all that, I am constantly anxious about treatment and if it will work. Pancreatic Cancer is cruel and ruthless, it will devour one’s

There are many types of deadly cancers that can possibly develop in the human body, but none of them compare to pancreatic cancer. When pancreatic cancer is discovered in the human body a general surgeon is the one who sits down and comes up with one or more medical interventions, a plan, to help with treatment. Pancreatic cancer is the most lethal cancer due to the fact that scientists cannot figure out a way to accurately detect an early form of this disease.

Furthermore, research was conducted recently to study the combination of a VV with irinotecan (CPT-11) for cancer treatment by endogenous carboxylesterase (CE) enzymes. Approximately 5% of CPT-11 is converted to more active chemotherapeutic SN-38. The study concluded that both CPT-11 and SN-38 did not interfere with VV spread or replication. Furthermore, the study showed that the combination of CE-virus and CPT-11 resulted in the death of more K-562 cancer cells in vitro in comparison to its non-CE counterpart and CPT-11 [20].

Not much is known to help prevent this cancer from attacking your cells not only that but what makes the Pancreatic Cancer so deadly is that not only can this cancer start to develop quickly but can multiply and attack your cells without being detected.The Pancreatic Cancer can only be detected once the cancerous cells are too advance meaning it’s later symptoms start to form such as not only a lost of an appetite but also an unusual decrease in weight due to the cancerous cells that not only affect the pancreas itself but other organs as well it can create tumors. This cancer is rarely found in teenagers they are mostly found in adults from ages around 45 and so on. The pancreas is an organ and or a gland that can be found in the near back of the stomach. The pancreas role to our body is to help create specific hormones that help manage blood sugars and even digestive juice. There are many forms and also many times of pancreatic cancers that were found.

In addition NDs are so efficient that they can resolve total tumor relapse to the point where they can no longer be detected. To support this standing, two research studies were performed. The first study was done on breast cancer cell lines. In this study antibodies against the epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) were conjugated to fluorescent labeled NDs. This made sure that they are targeting the same position. These EGFR-conjugated NDs then formed a complex with the therapeutic epirubicin. Comparing epirubicin alone with epirubicin that was delivered via the EGFR-targeted NDs showed, that the therapeutic alone lead to an early death of the mice while the ND-delivery lead to the survival of all animals and also to the regression of the tumor. The second research proved, that cancer stem cells (CSCs) can be treat effectively by using ND drug delivery platforms. An example of this finding is the chemoresistance that is often linked to CSCs. The ND-epirubicin complexes can defeat the resistance in the CSCs and kill them. It is not possible to achieve this by using epirubicin alone, this would, as mentioned before, lead to death because of its toxicity. But the ND-epirubicin complexes can effectively