The Effects Of Herceptin On Cancer Models And Patients With Her2 + Breast Cancer

Breast Cancer is a type of cancer where in the breast cells growth are uncontrolled. To enhance our understanding of breast cancer, knowing how any cancer can develop is crucial. Cancer develops as a result of the alteration of the genes, or abnormal changes in the genes accountable for managing the growth of the cells and maintaining their health. In each nucleus, the genes operates as the “control room.” The cells in our bodies replace themselves through a process called cell growth in which the

An effective breast cancer treatment in some women can be traced to the root of the disease. Some of the most aggressive form of breast cancers are caused by a transmembrane receptor protein known as Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) which is a member of the HER family of receptor tyrosine kinase. Approximately 20,000 HER2 receptor are normally expressed on surface of healthy breast cell however, in about 25% of breast cancer cells the HER2 protein is overexpressed resulting in tumour cells with as many as over 2 million receptors present on their surface. This cancer is known as HER2 positive (HER2+). The effect of HER2 overexpression is an increase in receptor mediated intracellular signalling causing the cell

Breast cancer is a popular disease that many people are afraid of. It is the growth of altered genes that create malignant tumors starting in a female or male’s breast tissue. Cancer has a reputation of being caused by hormones, but that may not always be the case. Hormones are chemicals that work as chemical messengers in the body and affect the duties of cells and tissues. The ovaries in premenopausal and postmenopausal women usually produce the hormones, like estrogen and progesterone. The hormone estrogen develops and maintains the female sex features and progesterone have to do with women 's menstrual cycle and pregnancy. In a breast cancer cell, it

Breast cancer constitutes the second most prevalent cancer most common among women of the world with an estimated 1.62 million reported cases in 2012 which constitutes 25% of all cancer cases and ranks fifth among mortality due to cancer (Ferlay et al., 2015). In the United States, according to American Cancer Society an

Luminal A is the subtype in which the breast cancer is ER and/or PR positive, and HER2 negative. Luminal B is the subtype in which the breast cancer is ER and/or PR positive, and either HER2 positive of negative. Basal like is the subtype in which breast cancer is ER and PR negative, while also being HER2 negative. HER2 is the subtype in which the breast cancer is ER and PR negative, while being HER2 positive. This is usually successfully treated with therapies that target the HER2 protein. Depending on the expression of the receptors, different treatments such as radiation, surgery for removal of cancer, chemotherapy, and hormonal therapy can be used.

Oncogenes were discovered in the 1960s, when it was discovered that some animal cancers such as lymphomas were caused by viruses. Some of these viruses were notable due to the simplicity of their RNA genome. These viruses only had three distinct transcription units, involved in the replication of the virus (coat proteins and reverse transcriptase etc.), and an extra gene. This was an oncogene. When oncogenes are properly functioning they are termed proto-oncogenes (Todd R, 1999). Their normal function is to control cell proliferation. These function in growth signalling pathways, and conversely to tumour suppressing cells are activated through a gain in function rather than a loss of it. This occurs in two ways, by producing more of a product, or producing a subtly different product, as a result of a mutation similar to tumour suppressor genes (Croce, 2008). Oncogenes play a particularly strong role in the development of breast cancers. Often the normal ERBB2 and other related genes are amplified in late stage neuroblastomas and rhabdomyosarcomas. ERBB2 encodes HER2 which is a member of the epidermal growth factor

Around 25-30% of the total breast cancer patients are diagnosed with HER2 gene amplification (Vogel, Charles L., et al, 2002). Patients with HER2 gene overexpression also produces a higher level of protein therefore, the patients with this condition are susceptible to decreased disease free and shorter overall survival rate(Vogel, Charles L., et al, 2002). The non-targeted cytotoxic chemotherapy has been used as a standard treatment of this condition. However, there are several side effects for these non-targeted therapies; such as vomiting, nausea, headache, fatigue, diarrhea, dizziness, anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukemia, anxiety, depression, anorexia and so on(O 'Shaughnessy, Joyce, et al, 2011). Therefore, a lot of patients are unable to use cytotoxic chemotherapy as a standard treatment. It is necessary to have a safe treatment that can serve the unmet purpose of these patients.

Breast cancer is turning to be one of the top killer women in the world. This kind of cancerous tumor is attacking breast tissue of woman. A disease in which abnormal cells in the breast divide and multiply in an uncontrolled fashion. The cells can invade nearby tissue and can spread through the bloodstream and lymphatic system to others part of the body and start to kill the organ one by one. By giving a breast cancer treatment will decrease the number of population who has this illness. Because so many different women have contracted breast cancer, many forms of treatment have been developed to attend to their specific needs. New research and development in the area of breast cancer allow Americans several

-Taxanes: The max active and greatly popular used chemotherapy agents to treat breast cancer at an early stage.

Nusrat Epsi, MBA is a PhD student working at the Rutgers University, School of Healthcare Professional with Dr. Antonina Mitrafanova. Prior to beginning the PhD program, Nusrat worked in the Pharmaceutical Industry. She consulted on a variety of projects which involved both qualitative and quantitative analysis to achieve strategic realignments within large pharmaceutical systems. From this work she developed an interest in drug discovery and drug structure. She is currently working on designing possible targeted cancer therapy to interfere with specific AR genes for tumor growth and progression. She also had a primary interest in the invasion of bladder cancer. She is also interested studying other Hormonal carcinogenesis. For her doctoral

As medicine is growing in our times, researcher are looking for a new medicine to fight female breast cancer. Many people talk about the topic of breast cancer, but do they truly know what it is? In which case, I would be happy to inform you about breast cancer. Breast cancer is a disease in which tissue cells from the breast starts growing in an abnormal and uncontrollable way. These cells usually form a malignant tumor inside the breast and it is often felt as a lump or seen in an mammogram. There are different types of cancer such as: ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, and inflammatory breast cancer. Researchers are looking for new ways that might lower the risk of obtaining breast cancer especially in cases where it is hereditary.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, with nearly 1.7 million new cases diagnosed in 2012 (second most common cancer overall). This represents about 12% of all new cancer cases and 25% of all cancers in women. Breast cancer is hormone related, and the factors that modify the risk of this

In this trial, Patients with HER2 (also known as ERBB2)-positive metastatic breast cancer had an improved median overall survival benefit compared to the combination of lapatinib and capecitabine (6). This drug represents an

Cancer is the uncontrollable division and growth of abnormal cells resulting in formation of an aggressive tumour. In some forms of Breast cancer, the cells proliferate uncontrollably due to over-expression of the protein HER2 (Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2); a receptor embedded within the membrane of cells, allowing for the transfer of signals outside to inside the cell. Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody administered through intravenous infusion, to be taken on its own or in combination with one or more chemotherapy regimens. It reduces risk of the cancer reoccurring or spreading by inhibiting the effects of HER2, and enhancing the body’s immune system.

SKBR3 and MCF-7 used as HER2 positive and negative cell line respectively. The cytotoxic effect of of scFv(Herceptin)–PE-stxa recombinant immunotoxin carried out by MTT assay. The cytotoxic action of scFv(Herceptin)–PE-stxa has obviously revealed target-specific cell killing. SKBR3 cells demonstrated high suseptibility to scFv(Herceptin)–PE-stxa whereas MCF7 was not reactive at low concentration but at higher concentrations showed low cytotoxicity. Since the cytotoxic segment is conserved in STXA, the only determinant factor that makes scFv(Herceptin)–PE-stxa a strong killer is the specific binding domain, scFv(herceptin), which binds to HER2 on the cell membrane. A different cytotoxic action of scFv(Herceptin)–PE-stxa was also seen among