The Effects Of Increased Privatization Of Health Care On Africa As A Result Of Loan Conditionalities Imposed

Every developed country around the globe is going through a lot of difficulties in providing better healthcare to its citizens. As stated by Norris (2002) the causes are universal and the increase in the percentage of elderly people which require better healthcare, the increasing cost of medical technology, patients' expectations of services and quality, and economic and social changes that reduce the state's ability to fund healthcare while increasing its involvement. All of these factors drive up costs and reduce equity of access (Norris, 2002).

Conditionality’s attached in the form of policy reforms include; decentralization of government health services with diminishing cost of public health sector funding, provision of risk coverage or insurance, introduction of user fees and privatization of health services (World Bank, 1987). This conditionality’s are empowering to the financial bodies but enslaving to the States and are tactics employed in manipulating policy making processes thus the role of the World Bank in policy formulation is promoted. This usually undermines the actual policy process and also neglects problems arising during implementation (Koivusalo and Ollilia, 1997)

In our world each country has a set of standards to follow in order to establish health care insurance for people in different communities. The state contributes about 40% of all the expenditures on health while the public health sector delivers 80% of the population. Many resources are concentrated in the private health sector. These resources see to the health needs of the remaining 20% of the population. Public health consumes around 11% of the government’s total budget. The way the resources are allotted, and the standard of health care delivered, varies from country to country. Although there are similarities between South Africa and the United States regarding healthcare, South Africa remains at a lower

A Health care system of any country is an important consideration for the purposes of the overall development. One of the most important and essential feature of the human body is the health and the systems. In the same manner, proper management is also necessary. Furthermore, all the countries of the world have few targets and achievements to be made. On the other hand, it should also be noted down that, economic development and social welfare the two most are the two important factors. Economic welfare is connected with the increase in the wealth of the people at large (Niles, 2011).

Although the financial constraint was one of the initial triggers that made government to move toward privatization of health care, the argument of those who oppose to privatization remains at the prediction of future damages to the health care system caused by the privatization, not about the resolution of financial crisis. (Barkun, 2008; CBC, 2006; CNA, 2013; Deber, 2013; McDonald & McIntyre, 2014; ONA,

One of the major problems facing our country today is the healthcare crisis. The inequality in our current healthcare system has created a huge gap in the difference between the level and the quality of healthcare that different people receive. Having an improved and reliable health care system available for everyone should be a priority that the government must make available. There are countries whose health care system meets the needs of the patients while there are countries whose health care systems need a great amount of overhaul for them to be able to attend to their patients. In this essay I will discuss the healthcare crisis and the differences in many countries

A country’s health care system refers to all the institutions, programs, personnel, procedures, and the resources that are used to meet the health needs of its population. Health care systems vary from one country to another, depending on government policies and the health needs of the population. Besides, health care programs are flexible in the sense that they are tailored to meet health needs as they arise. Among the stakeholders in the formulation of a country’s health care system are governments, religious groups, non-governmental organizations, charity organizations, trade/labor unions, and interested individuals (Duckett, 2008). These entities formulate, implement, evaluate, and reform health services according to the

When analyzing the global health care crisis, one should pay particular attention of the problem from both the macro and micro scale. Overlooking either side of the issue wastes both valuable time and resources during an era that cannot afford such loss. Some argue that health care is a fight that politicians must win to enact change. Others say the crisis is simply another economic matter that will eventually resolve itself under the theories of supply and demand. When we look at these explanations without seriously considering the issues that arise in the microcosm, we expose ourselves to moral hazard. In Banker to the Poor (1), Nobelaureate Muhammad Yunus describes how a great deal of change can result from looking at the problem from a

Government officials in Africa argue the inefficient response during the critical threshold and the amount of money spent on establishing an American health care system parallels the imperialism movement and has left the countries vulnerable to future outbreaks, indebted and currently still unprepared. The monetary “loans”, less than half of which actually reached affected countries last year failed to educate the public (Duval). This raises the question of owing money that was not distributed to tackle immediate threats but attempted to repair years of corruption and unstable health care

The residents of Africa are suffering from preventable, treatable, and fatal diseases everyday at a higher rate compared to developed countries. The healthcare crisis in Africa is the primary cause of all these deaths, and includes inefficient healthcare systems. Consequently, African's inefficient healthcare systems results in poor delivery of care and a shortage of health professionals. The healthcare crisis in Africa is a current issue impacting the lives of many African's who don't have the same access to resources as developed countries such as the United States. These resources can save the lives of many African's dying of preventable and curable disease, and understanding why the African continent has little access to them

McCoy and Kinyua (2010) reviewed the funding sources for healthcare in 104 countries receiving Global Fund disbursements to identify changes that would improve the rationing of support. The researchers were also looking at the way funds are distributed to determine how the Global Fund can have additional influence on grant funding instead of just working in a demand-driven model.

They showed support for socialized health care in Latin America due to the progress it has made and the lives it has changed by providing access to treatments and medicine. The article provides data from multiple countries, allowing for a broad look at each country’s progress rather than an in-depth analysis for one country. The World Bank offers counterarguments to their pro-socialized health care stance by discussing Costa Rica and Jamaica’s financial issues after implementing a socialized health care system, strengthening their argument by recognizing the opposing view. Costa Rica is noticing that “challenges are now emerging as to the sustainability of universal health coverage” and Jamaica is facing “the challenge of improving healthcare access within its budgetary constraints” (The World Bank 2013). They do offer a rebuttal when discussing Guatemala’s challenge to guarantee access to health care by presenting data that shows Guatemala is now providing “basic health and nutrition services to 4.3 million people”, strengthening their argument by looking at book sides of Guatemala’s issue (The World Bank 2013). The World Bank offers data and statistics to support their stance, but they do not cite where they received their information, weakening their argument. There was very little emotional language used to persuade their audience; they created an objective tone throughout. However, the expert opinion they used in the article were from people who are employed by the World Bank. This weakens their argument because they used the experts they employed rather than, finding outside sources who agree with their stance. The World Bank provides loans to developing countries so there may be a vested interest to maintain their reputation as a beneficial organization.

With the world becoming increasingly focused on global health there are elements that must be addressed in order to effectively analyze a healthcare system. There are instances in which healthcare systems are influenced by both domestic policy as well as international policy. The Millennium Development Goals (MDG) is an international development agenda agreed upon by 189 countries worldwide focused on addressing the most urgent global development (Skolnik, 2012). By agreeing to this agenda, countries will strive to reach improved measures of health outcomes. One area which would provide the greatest benefit is in addressing health disparity in the least economically developed regions of the world. The establishment of such goals will ensure that countries who are affected by health disparity have the appropriate forum from which they can address these issues from. Data collected from said health outcomes can help to identify if countries are on track to meet these established goals. The information may also prove valuable in highlighting inefficiencies within the system of care could impact both cost of care and patient outcomes (Skolnik, 2012).

15. Daniels N, Flores W, Pannarunothai S, Ndumbe PN, Bryant JH, Ngulube TJ, et al. An evidence-based approach to benchmarking the fairness of healthsector reform in developing countries. Bull World Health Organ 2005; 83:534-40. PMID:16175828

During the beginning of the course, we were tasked to explore the healthcare system of three countries, namely the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. The three are one of the bigwigs of highly industrialized counties in the world. In order to fully identify the grounds of increased healthcare spending and the reason of its supposed fiasco in comparison to other developed countries, I will be employing the data I initially presented in the said exercise. The table and results that I will exhibit in this paper is the most recent health shares of GDP and Health Outcome of the said countries that I prepared at the onset of the course.