The Effects Of Leishmaniasis And Its Effects On The North America

About 1,500 cases of malaria are diagnosed in the United States annually, mostly in returned travelers” (Global Health - Division of Parasitic Diseases , 2010). Malaria risk is not distributed homogeneously throughout all countries. Some destinations have malaria transmission occurring throughout the whole country, while in others it occurs in defined pockets so the traveler should be weary of areas whose climate is conducive to mosquitoes.

In 2010 there were 2 confirmed cases of Lyme disease in Alabama, which continued to rise until 2014 with the last reported number of 64 confirmed cases for that year alone. In September 2015 the Centers for Disease Control revised their estimates indicating that it is believed that there were more than 10 times more cases in the United States than the 30,000 reported. Lyme disease is the fastest growing transmittable disease in the United States. It is hard to believe a disease this infectious was only discovered four decades ago.

Woman and men had swelling in the groin or under armpit, it was the size of an egg. This infected area would have pus or blood is oozing out. Some of the other effects are vomiting, diarrhea, aches in the body, or having a fever. After the symptoms change black or purple spots are found on the body. Sooner or later the person with the disease will die.

Ticks, they are most significant vectors of infectious diseases in the United States. These arachnids can host a scary medley of infectious bacterium, and they are increasing at an alarming rate with one CDC graph showing their numbers have almost tripled since 1995 (Lyme Stats). Some point to greater awareness, other point to climate change, while we don’t know exactly why their reach is growing we do know we have to be wary of the diseases they carry. While not all ticks are hosts, ticks carrying the Borrelia bacteria known for causing Lyme disease present a massive public health risk. Lyme is one most under researched Infectious diseases with the CDC estimating that somewhere between 300,000 and 3,000,000 people are infected annual.

Thesis Statement: “According to the Center of Disease Control, Lyme disease is the most commonly reported vector borne illness in the United States”(Lyme Disease: Data and statistics, 2016).

Mosquitoes pass malaria to humans through their salivary glands. Once the parasites have entered the blood stream, they go to the liver. In the liver they mature and undergo reproduction, forming merozoites. These merozoites enter the blood stream and inject themselves into red blood cells. Once inside the blood cells, they reproduce rapidly and within forty-eight to seventy-two hours, the blood cell bursts, releasing hemoglobin into the blood stream. It is the destruction of these blood cells and the hemoglobin released into the blood stream that actually causes most of the symptoms.

This paper explores the federal legislative process, specifically in regards to House of Representatives’ Bill 1797 (H.R. 1797), formally known as the End Neglected Tropical Diseases Act. Information in regards to the legislative bill and process, including current and relevant legislative actions, proposed intent, and relevance to the fields of health care and nursing are examined and reviewed. The bill investigates the importance of education, research, and development of programing by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) in regards to seventeen Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs), as identified by the World Health Organization (WHO), and other rare, life-threatening diseases found throughout the world. As Representative Christopher Smith of New Jersey sponsors and defends enactment of the bill, information in regards to the relevance of Neglected Tropical Diseases in comparison to current health care concerns are reviewed. While the bill has failed in a previous Congressional Session, it is necessary to support the enactment of this and related legislature in order to not only protect the general public, but those healthcare professionals caring for individuals affected by these diseases.

Within 5 years of Baer’s groundbreaking work, over 1000 American, Canadian, and European surgeons were using maggots in their practice.10 Many hospitals operated their own insectaries for rearing and disinfecting the larvae.

Lyme disease is the most widely recognized tick-borne disease in the United States and Europe (Beard, 2016). Since the ticks that transmit Lyme disease are frequently encountered in backyards and recreational areas, a high level of public awareness and education should be made available to the general public for areas that have a high level of Lyme disease. From 2005 to 2014, a sum of 251,061 cases of Lyme disease was accounted for in the United States. In 2014, Lyme disease was the fifth most common reportable illness in the United States. Recent studies have shown about roughly 300,000 individuals are determined to have Lyme disease in the United States every year (Beard, 2016).

Statistics obtained from the Center of Disease Control and Prevention show that there are approximately 300,000 cases of Lyme Disease reported in the United States annually (CDC, 2016). The above data categorizes Lyme Disease as the number one animal carried and vector-borne disease. Vector is a term used to describe a living organism able to carry and spread an infectious disease from either animal to human or human to human (WHO, 2016). Surprisingly, it was not until 1982 that the CDC placed Lyme as an official disease category. Even though the awareness of the Lyme disease increased throughout the years, many people are still unaware of the symptoms, transmission methods as well as the underlying cause of the disease

While reading An American Plague, I noticed an interesting detail that even after all of the white people became sick and weren’t able to take care of themselves the black caretakers began showing symptoms of the yellow fever later than everyone else. Murphy (2003) said that after taking care of the ill white people many of them began showing symptoms of the Yellow Fever. This detail led me to wonder whether african american people had a strong immune system than that of a white person. According to Eurweb (2016) In a study completed by both U.S. and Canadian researchers Luis Barreira drew white blood cells from 175 Americans. 80 of them were African American. The researchers then infected those white blood cells with Listeria and Salmonella.

found in Florida, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention has published to traveler advisor that

Throughout history, humankind has been exposed to millions of unique and troubling pathogens. Some of these pathogens are well known, such as the bubonic plague, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS, but others are relatively unknown and remain shrouded in mystery. One such example has been spreading to become the most common vector-borne disease that occurs in the Northern Hemisphere, according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. This “hidden pandemic”, known as Lyme disease, is silently infecting hundreds of thousands of United States citizens each year, and numbers of new and untreated infections continue to climb as traditional treatments fail and doctors misdiagnose the condition. Spread by tick bites, Lyme disease has affected many lives and continues to infect countless individuals each and every day.

Onychotillomania is an obsessive-compulsive disorder marked by the picking at or pulling out of one's fingernails or toenails. There are many people who struggle with this condition, some extreme while others experience very mild forms. In the more extreme forms people completely rip out their fingernails and toenails from their fingers and toes. The more mild cases are people picking either at the nail itself or the skin surrounding the nail. Onychotillomania falls in the same categories of other picking disorders such as trichotillomania and dermatillomania.

About 3.3 billion people, that is about half of the world’s population are at risk of contracting malaria (figure 1). Every year there are 250 million cases of malaria, and nearly 1 million deaths. That amounts to 2,732 deaths per day. Out of those million people that die every year, 800,000 of them are African children under the age of 5. To control malaria three actions need to be taken: insecticides need to be used to decrease the vector population, people have to be educated as to how to prevent the vector from reproducing, and anti-malarial drugs need to be distributed. To understand the vector and what the vector is, scientists had to first discover what the parasite was and how it worked. It was not until the year 1880 that French Physician Charles Laveran discovered that Malaria was caused by a protozoan in the genus Plasmodium (Malaria, 2013)