The Effects Of Malaria On A Global Scale

Ecological factors that encourage the Anopheles mosquito, and thus also encourage the prevalence of malaria include: being near the equator, densely populated areas, warmer temperatures, standing water, maintaining water for irrigation and deforested areas. (Holy p.1)

It tropical and sub-tropical climates temperature, humidity, and rainfall work together to create a breeding ground for mosquitoes. Mosquitoes are a host for communicable diseases one in particular is called malaria. Malaria is a parasitic disease that infects a particular type of mosquito, Anopheles mosquitoes, which feeds on humans. People who get malaria are typically very sick with high fevers, shaking chills, and flu-like illness. Although malaria can be a deadly disease, illness and death from malaria can usually be prevented (Global Health - Division of

Malaria has been in existence for thousands of years. Many historical records show that it has affected human civilization greatly by plaguing and causing mass death. The earliest record can be traced back to 2700 BC in China (Cox, 2002). It has been long associated with swamps and insects for hundreds of years but often believed to be the air from swamps causing the plague. The term malaria rooted from two Italian words ‘mala’ and ‘aria’ which literally means bad air. Humanity did not know the true nature of the long thought disease until 1894 when a Scottish physician, Sir Ronald Ross, discovered that it was actually the parasite in mosquito that is causing the malaria.

Due to the fact that there is currently no risk of malaria in the Republic of Cuba, malaria is not an issue in the Republic of Cuba. The Republic of Cuba however, would like to help countries or territories at risk with their knowledge and experience they have had with malaria. After vector control efforts during

Malaria (also called biduoterian fever, blackwater fever, falciparum malaria, plasmodium, Quartan malaria, and tertian malaria) is one of the most infectious and most common diseases in the world. This serious, sometimes-fatal disease is caused by a parasite that is carried by a certain species of mosquito called the Anopheles. It claims more lives every year than any other transmissible disease except tuberculosis. Every year, five hundred million adults and children (around nine percent of the world’s population) contract the disease and of these, one hundred million people die. Children are more susceptible to the disease than adults, and in Africa, where ninety percent of the world’s cases occur and where eighty percent of the cases

Malaria is spread by the female Anopheles mosquito.When the mosquito bites the malaria parasite is passed into the human bloodstream, infecting them and this works both ways, if a human has previously been given the parasite and a unaffected mosquito bites them, the mosquito will pick up the parasite and spread it further. For the mosquito to survive it the humidity must be high, and the temperature must be between 15°C and below 40°C. Stagnant pools of water allow the mosquito to live. It uses areas like marshes, lakes and river pools to breed. Increasing population growth can encourage people to live closer to affected areas that were previously avoided, such as close to river pools. Normally the

Malaria is a disease that affects nearly 600 million people and causes more than a million deaths a year, the most coming from children under five. This disease is regularly found in more than 100 countries around the world and affects 40% of the world’s population. It is most commonly transmitted by an infected Anopheles mosquito. The most deadly form of malaria is known as Plasmodium falciparum because almost all deaths from malaria are caused by this specific one. Some of the symptoms that are affiliated with this strand of malaria are the destruction of red blood cells along with complications with the kidneys, lungs, and brain. In more serious cases, it can cause permanent neurological effects and even death. As the Nobel Assembly said at the announcement of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, “Diseases caused by parasites have plagued humankind for a millennium and constitute a major global health problem. In particular, parasitic diseases affect the world’s poorest populations and represent a huge barrier to improving human health and wellbeing”. Youyou Tu, one of the winners of the prize, discovered Artemisinin, “a drug that has significantly reduced the mortality rates for patients suffering from malaria by killing the malaria parasites an early stage of their development.”

As a result of the mosquitoes physically being able to occupy a different vector, certain diseases also begin to expand to occupy that vector as well. As stated by an article about the population dynamics of mosquitoes, “global changes . . . lead to an extension of the distribution areas of certain mosquito species and the emergence of associated vector-borne diseases” (Ezanno et al.). As mosquitoes shift the vector of where they live as a result of this global warming, they bring what they have with them. In this case, this means that the mosquitoes bring these diseases with them throughout this new vector. Not only do mosquitoes bring these diseases with them to these new places, depending on the climate in this new area, certain diseases

Africa, is surrounded by water, and has a high population of mosquitoes everywhere. Malaria, a disease that mosquitoes can carry is a deadly disease that can be hard to avoid in some circumstances. There are so many people in Africa that have SCD and SCT, because people with the trait/disease, are immune to malaria, which is a big benefit of having the trait/disease. With malaria not affecting the people with SCD/SCT, they are able to keep reproducing and having kids that have the trait or disease. This is why it seems that the places with malaria have such a high amount of people with SCD/SCT.

One big way to do this is to eliminate any standing water around where you are located. This might include emptying fountains, pots, or small pools to ensure that mosquitoes do not breed, literally, right in your back yard. Travelers, and any person in these areas, may protect themselves from contracting Malaria by seeing their doctor and taking any medication that their doctor prescribes. If you don’t have any medication prescribed, or to take extra precaution, the next best way to ensure a Malaria free time would be to take normal measures to prevent mosquito bites. This may include wearing long sleeves and pants, using bug spray with a high percentage of active chemicals, like deet, and covering any exposed skin (Malaria Prevention,

For example, urbanization leads to dense populations. Densely overpopulated populations, while socially stimulating have higher chances of spreading infectious diseases. This is because the vector can easily spread when hosts are in close proximity. Think about the Ebola outbreak, a virus that used to be controlled when it occurred in small villages was able to spread fast when it reached dense populations . How does these countries/communities differ in population density? In terms of altitude levels, reports have suggested that Ae. Aegypti is rarely present in areas with elevations between of 1,700–2,100 m (Martin Cetron). Suggesting that altitude levels influences transmission and mosquito survival. Mosquito’s vectors require suitable habitants (temperature, precipitation, vegetation and human population density) in order for the vector to be present. Such habitant differs among countries and affects the mosquito

Also, human population movement from higher transmission areas jeopardizes reintroduction and resurgence in malaria-free regions, and in addition has undermined elimination works in the past. For that reason, it is important to understand the patterns of parasite dispersal in order to target control by pinpointing regions where the imported infections originate from and where they play a part in transmission.

Americans spend more on Halloween than the whole world does on malaria every single year (ONE). It is fascinating how consumerism and commercialism have bombarded the world; billions of dollars are wasted every single day on unnecessary objects while more than 3 billion people worldwide are living off less $2.50 every single day. To make matters worse, about 1.3 billion people live off half of that. Unable to afford the basic necessities, many of those who are privileged tend to neglect, millions of people suffer these treatable and preventable diseases and ways of life. Many people, specifically those living in extremely impoverished countries, suffer from

JE has two epidemiological patterns. Northern parts of Asia tend to see huge epidemics during the summer and the southern parts of Asia see endemics occur throughout the year with a spike during rainy seasons. It is said that temperature may be the reason for these differences. When the temperature gets cooler in the northern areas outside of the summer months, reproduction and development of the mosquitos slows, and transmission slows along with it. While in the south the temperature remains fairly constant throughout the year so this is not

Figure 1: Malaria endemic areas around the world. Areas where malaria transmission occurs are in red, places that are at risk and malaria transmission occurs infrequently are in yellow, and places in grey is where there is no malaria present (Malaria, 2010).