The Effects Of Marking Steating

Two other procedural factors, one being patient preparation, which there was, no preparation needed for the lumbar exam. The other being radiation protection. The image receptor size was a 16x16 collimated to an 8x14 for each image other than the L5-S1, which was approximately 7x7 and unfortunately shielding was not placed on the patient.

The most common tool for diagnosing BRONJ, especially for early stages of the disease, is radiological imaging. Three different imaging techniques are commonly employed and each have their advantages and disadvantages. Panoramic radiography takes two-dimensional x-ray images of the jaw area and is beneficial for the detection of abnormalities in the teeth and bone. It is the least expensive of the imaging techniques and can be taken in almost any dental office. However, a major disadvantage of panoramic radiography lies in its accuracy. In a study conducted by Stockmann et al. only 13 out of 24 cases (54%) of BRONJ were detected in the radiograph. A CT scan showed the highest accuracy in the detection of BRONJ and has the capacity to construct three-dimensional images, an important feature when assessing pre-surgical cases. However, there is a significant deviation in the detection of the actual size of a BRONJ lesion with a CT scan. The third imaging technique is the MRI; it is slightly less accurate in the detection of BRONJ than a CT scan, but is more accurate in the measurement of the actual size of the lesion when compared to the size found intra-operatively. Overall, both CT scans and MRIs are useful tools in diagnosing BRONJ in patients who express no clinical symptoms, but difficulties with spatial resolution create a problem with taking reliable measurements of the actual site of injury. (Stockmann et al., 2010).

Osteonecrosis in the jaw is a serious disease that can be painful for a patient. There are numerous stages to osteonecrosis as well as contributing factors. Several clinical studies have been conducted in order to view what features are the most prominent in supplying osteonecrosis to a patient. Dental hygienists play a significant role in assessing and treating patients who have osteonecrosis and can even help inhibit the disease.

One factor that had not been investigated was whether the variables of QUS were as affected by clinical risk factors as axial BMD measurements obtained by using the DXA method. A study was conducted to compare the calcaneal QUS and axial BMD T and Z scores in a large group of women (specifically 1115 pre- and postmenopausal women). Some of these women had no clinical risk factors whilst others had one or more risk factors for osteoporosis. (Frost, M. L., Blake, G. M., & Fogelman, I. (2001)). They investigated measurements at the calcaneus using QUS and at the lumbar spine and hip using DXA and found that the variable of QUS were affected to the same extent as axial BMD measurements using the DXA method. This important finding could become critical in the standardisation of QUS in clinical practice.

Methods: - A total of 250 radiographs of primary mandibular molars (126 first molars and 124 second molars) of 5- to 12-year-old patients were reviewed, and the patterns of root resorption and the premolar location were evaluated.

My imaging modality is on Bone Densitometry. Before I go into great detail about this modality I would first like to talk about what exactly is Bone Densitometry and explain the history of it and how it became about so that we can understand how we use it today. Bone Densitometry is a noninvasive procedure that allows us to measure bone mineral density. This modality and procedure plays a crucial part in being able to diagnose Osteoporosis. It can provide us with vital information that can diagnose this pathology in its early stages as well as improving our overall health by being able to monitor therapy and predict the risk of fractures. The development of Bone Densitometry started over hundreds of years but only in the past couple decades have we seen major advancements in the use and technology. Early developments believe it or not started in dentistry with plain radiographs of the mandible over hundreds of years ago. The problem with that though is that plain radiographs had limited ability in the determination of bone density. According to our text book. “A bone loss of at least forty percent must occur before it can be visualized by the unaided eye.” (Adler, A., Carlton, R., & Carlton.,. (2012). Principles of radiographic imaging.. Delmar Publishers.) In the 1930’s efforts to define bone loss were enhanced with radiographic absorptiometry(RA). A step wedge of known densities were imaged with extremities to be able to more accurately determine bone mass. As years passed

Introduction: Conventional endodontic procedures require precise knowledge of anatomic structures which are in close proximity to the apex of roots.This becomes even more important when endodontic surgical information is required more importanatly in maxillary posterior teeth because of close proximity of their roots with maxillary sinus floor. Objectives: To assess the spatial relationships between the maxillary second pre-molar, maxillary first molar,maxillary second molar with the maxillary sinus floor using cone beam computed tomography in a group of patients referred to department of Oral Medicine, Diagnosis and Radiology (OMDR). Method: Sixty Full volume Cone beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) scans of the patients were examined. The distances between the examined roots (buccal,mesio-buccal, disto-buccal and palatal) as well as furcations, and the sinus floor, were evaluated using cone beam computed tomography, and grouped as follows:class 1: distance = 2 mm or more into the sinus; class 2: distance= 0 to 2 mm into sinus; class 3: distance = 0 mm; class 4: 0 mm < distance < 2 mm; class 5: 2 mm ≤distance < 4 mm; class 6: 4 mm ≤ distance < 6 mm; class 7: 6 mm ≥ distance.

Background: the proportion of teeth is related to facial coordination. If the width length ratio is large, the shape of the teeth will look square, and if the ratio is close to 1, then the teeth will look close to the square, more suitable for round faces. Conversely, if the width ratio is too small, then the tooth shape is more slender, more suitable for longer face type crowd. The width of the crown of the front teeth can be extended to determine whether the proportion of teeth is appropriate and whether or not it needs improvement. Crown to root ratio is the most direct index to describe the anatomic morphology of teeth, and has a great reference value for guiding the work of oral clinicians and treating dental diseases. The morphology of

Detection and treatment of malocclusions and other dental deformities are a considerable field of work in the plan of orthodontic treatment. Severe malformations of the midface such as maxillary or mandibular deformity can be treated by the distraction and reformation of skull bones. During an operation, the appropriate bony part of the mid-face is separated from the rest of the skull (osteotomy), slowly moved into the ideal position by way of a distraction device. In the current clinical practice, planning for orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery was based on Computed Tomography (CT) data sets. CT images are inefficient for helping the orthodontists and surgeons in treatment and surgical planning. A tool is needed to help the physicians and surgeons in the treatment planning in order to anticipate the results and give the accurate decision, in this paper there are preliminary descriptive studies on DICOM images of the skull to help the orthodontists by providing the following algorithms: Segmentation of the lower jaw (mandible), Segmentation of the upper jaw (maxilla) from CT data, Segmentation of upper teeth, each tooth and computation of mandible volume.

Clinical assessments Periodontal parameters including plaque index (PI) (15), papillary bleeding index (PBI) (16), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL) and gingival recession parameters including recession depth (RD), recession width (RW), keratinized tissue width (KTW) and gingival thickness (GT) were assessed using William’s graduated periodontal probe (Hu Friedy, Chicago, IL, USA) and rounded up to the nearest 0.5 millimeter. RD was measured from the CEJ to

Computed tomography scans are used very often in dental settings. They can show things like “impacted teeth and evaluations [sic] of their relations with adjacent teeth.” (Shim et al. 333). There are multiple different views of CT scans that doctors can use for dental scans. There are also multiple uses for the scans. Orthodontists might use the scan to track the progression with the use of braces on a patient. For example regular dentistry can use the scans to determine when the right time to take out a patients wisdom teeth is. There are specific views that are more effective for dental work like

Scatter artifacts resulted from scattered X-ray photons from the original path that is added to the primary intensity causing an underesti¬mation of attenuation value in Eq. 1. Scattering has increased chance to occur with the use of larger detectors resulting in streak artefacts during reconstruction of the CBCT image (90).

Today, Three-dimensional (“3D”) images are available for their use. Dentists have been using this method in order to represent the jaw and the head region of a patient. This represent one of the most important advances in the history of medicine. In modern dentistry, the use of computerized machines in the develop of 3D imagens like computed tomography, cone beam computed tomography, magnetic resonance imagen and 3D Laser transformed the pass into a new promising future. This paper reveals the develop in some of this useful technologies in delivering early diagnostic for patients. It explains the different types of 3D image that have been used in dentistry and how it revolutionized the way a diagnostic was created.

BMD in the post-menopausal woman is determined by peak bone mass and the amount of bone

Lecturer of Oral Medicine, Periodontology, Oral Diagnosis and Oral Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, October 6 University