The Effects Of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

Although obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is known to be a common form of sleep-disordered breathing and increase the overall risk of mortality by one and a half times in serious cases, many patients with OSA remain undiagnosed and unrecognized by healthcare professionals (Stuart et al, 2013). Depending on the source, up to approximately 10% of women and 25% of men have OSA, while the overall prevalence of OSA in the general population is between 3% and 7%. OSA is more common in individuals who are obese, older, male, African American or of Pacific Island descent, have a family history of OSA, or have a large neck size/small airway. Patients with OSA have been shown to have a higher incidence of significant systemic conditions such as hypertension, cerebrovascular accident, myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, diabetes, and dementia. Some of the eye problems linked to OSA include glaucoma/other optic neuropathies, retinal vein occlusions, central serous retinopathy (CSR), papilledema/idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), floppy eyelid syndrome (FES), and corneal disorders (i.e. keratoconus). This provides optometrists and ophthalmologists with a tremendous opportunity to play an important role in diagnosing and managing patients with OSA as well as improving their quality of life.

Sleep Apnea is a chronic sleep disorder causing shallow, infrequent or pauses in breathing. According to the National Sleep Foundation, sleep apnea affects more than 18 million Americans and is as common as type two diabetes. Common in both children and adults, there are three main types of sleep apnea. The first is central apnea, followed by the most common form, obstructive apnea and finally the combination of both, mixed/ complex apnea. Although these three types of apnea have differing symptoms and treatments, they all share negative effects on the body and sleep cycles. The quality of sleep is usually lower than normal, as the pauses in breathing can often bring apnea patients from a deep to a shallow slumber, as the body’s natural warning for oxygen. This lack of deep sleep can also cause drowsiness and fatigue during the daytime in addition to eyesight problems and reduced reaction times. Sleep apnea, occurring in both children and adults is higher in prevalence in Hispanic and African-American men.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a major health problem, as more than 22 million adults in the U.S suffer from OSA.1 The prevalence of moderate to severe OSA in older adults aged 65 and over is twice as high as that in middle-aged adults.2 Unfortunately, estimates suggest that 85% of individuals with moderate to severe OSA remain undiagnosed.3 Individuals with untreated moderate to severe OSA are at a greater risk for depression (DEP), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia compared to individuals with no OSA. In OSA, repetitive intracranial blood flow surges during apneic episodes cause disturbances in microvascular functions, resulting in hypoperfusion4-6 and poor cerebral vasomotor reactivity.7-9 Hypoxemia promotes the development of cerebral small vessel disease (C-SVD).10-13 Repeated rapid alternations between hypoxia and reoxygenation cause oxidative stress,14,15 which alters blood-brain barrier functions and leads to the formation of C-SVD.16-18 The consequences of C-SVD are 1) disruption of neuronal activity in regions involved in the regulation of mood and cognition 11,19,20 and 2) reduction of prefrontal and frontal lobe vascular perfusion,10,21-23 which causes neuronal metabolic deficiencies that may lead to synaptic loss and neuronal damage.24,25 The progression of C-SVD is now known to be associated with new-onset depression,26 MCI,27,28 and an increased risk for dementia.27,29,30 Based on this supporting evidence, we hypothesize that C-SVD may mediate

Psychology is an immense, widely varied, and diverse field of study. Over the years, the field of psychology has grown, and so have the vast topics the field examines and studies. A few major perspectives of psychology are psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and biological (Cherry, 2016). Of these areas, OSA can fit under the biological perspective. Obstructive Sleep Apnea suitably relates to this category since it is largely a result of our biological, or physical, makeup.

Avi Weisfogel is a dentist who uses oral remedies to treat sleep apnea. Sleep apnea is a disorder that blocks breathing when one is asleep. This disorder mostly affects people who are overweight. Although the disorder is said to mainly come from overweight issues there are other factors that can cause it. People with genetic issues like enlarged tonsils and chronic nasal conditions are at a higher risk of suffering from sleep apnea.From the data gotten from Dr. Avi Weisfogel`s research adults are more likely to suffer from this disorder than children. The most common symptom is snoring. However sleep apnea patients can suffer from drowsiness, forgetfulness and even severe headaches. This is because the patients sleep is often disturbed from

Obstructive sleep apnea is becoming more prevalent in adults and children in our society. Obstructive sleep apnea is undiagnosed mostly in women being 92% and 80% in men. The estimated prevalence in women is 2% and in men is 4%. A study was done by the University of Pennsylvania revealing that the prevalence in women was 4% and 9% for men. Another study called The Wisconsin Cohrt study showed that people who are 30 to 60 years old, the prevalence is 9-24% for men and 4-9% for women.

Thank you very much for referring Neil along for further investigation of likely obstructive sleep apnoea. As you are aware, his wife who I work with at Warringal has been noticing witnessed apnoeas for many years now and has talked Neil into coming along today. Neil in himself sleeps reasonably well and is currently going to bed at around 10.00pm. He will awake between 2.00am and 4.00am and be awake for a short amount of time but will then fall back to sleep until about 7.30am or 8.00am. He wakes reasonably refreshed but of note does have some drowsiness in the afternoon. He will occasionally have an afternoon nap and quite regularly falls asleep on the couch at night. He has been retired for the last 18 months, but prior to that, he

Sleep apnea is a chronic disorder where breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep. It leads to snoring, fatigue and interruptions of oxygen flowing through the body. The need for life insurance varies with age, responsibilities and your health. Life insurance policies become valuable financial resources for maintaining a standard of life. Policies are designed to provide a fixed amount of money according the policy terms and conditions to helping families avoid hardships. Life insurance policies can include the insurer’s ability to draw against the face value of the policy in the event of an illness. In the case of having sleep apnea, the insurer becomes the beneficiary of the policy value. There are also instances, where the policy also functions as a secondary health coverage, should the primarily carrier deny the medical claim.

Sleep apnea is becoming increasingly more concerning for the association this sleep disorder poses to the psychological effects on people. Sleep deprivation is only one example of the effects caused by this medical condition which could be related to increased anxiety and depression. Millions of Americans suffer from sleep apnea without even realizing the sleep disorder is creating a problem. There has been significant progress in identifying sleep apnea, especially obstructive sleep apnea, and creating successful methods to help individuals more easily live with it. The thought of losing breath while sleeping without knowing this is occurring can intimidate an individual and his or her family.

Sleep apnea is a subtle yet extremely dangerous condition that can cause many issues. It is a condition where the patient ceases breathing for periods of time during sleep (American Sleep Apnea Association). It is caused mainly by blockage of the larynx by overgrown tissue. Sleep apnea makes it difficult to enter deeper stages of sleep which in turn causes many issues. “Left untreated, sleep apnea can have serious and life-shortening consequences: high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, automobile accidents caused by falling asleep at the wheel, diabetes, depression, and other ailments (American Sleep Apnea Association).” Sleep apnea can cause truly life threatening and shortening issues. Sleep apnea is difficult to diagnose. The disorder

The review of literature emphasized the following aspects related to the present research: (A) Background of obstructive sleep apnea, (B) Obstructive sleep apnea’s quality of life, (C) Neck Circumference and Body Mass Index, (D) Older adults, (E) Sleep recommendations, (F) Sleep positions, (G)Nutrition, (H) Weight loss, (I) Exercise benefits, and (J) Synopsis.

Since the dawn of time humans, for some reason or another has had difficulty with sleep. The cause could vary from the rock pillow was too hard to a pea under the mattress. We have now come to learn that a disorder called sleep apnea could be the reason. According to the National Institutes of Health approximately 12 million United States citizens were afflicted by this disorder (Singer). The Greek word Apnea means without breath and sleep apnea is an involuntary cessation of breathing that occurs while a person is asleep (American Sleep Apnea Association). There are three different types of sleep apnea, when the back of the throat closes called Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), for Central Sleep Apnea the brain “forgets” to signal muscles to

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Obstructive sleep apnea is the most common form between both sleep apneas. OSA occurs when the upper airway collapse during sleep. Collapse of the upper airway may cause decreases in ventilation, but not complete cessation of it, with desaturation and arousal (hypopnea) and/or complete cessation of airflow for more than 10 seconds entitled apnea (Figure 1) 1. Common symptoms of OSA are frequent arousal, snoring, choking/gasping, daytime sleepiness, increased carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood (hypercapnea), and a decrease of oxygen level in the body (hypoxia). As stated before, OSA is more common in men than in women. Other factors that influence OSA are those with an increased body mass index, thick neck/circumference, small erythematous oropharynx, position of body during sleep (most commonly the supine position), medication, alcohol, or pre-existing cardiac complications2. Usually, OSA is diagnosed by a sleep doctor monitoring the patient during a polysomnography (sleep study). Having a sleep study done is the gold standard diagnostic for assessing sleep-disordered breathing. There is monitoring of the airflow of the nose and mouth, end tidal CO2, the patient’s sleep state by electroencephalography, movement of the chest and abdomen, pulse oximetry, and blood pressure. “The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI)—the number of obstructive events per hour—is the most commonly used measurement to quantify OSA: mild OSA = 5 to 15 events/hour; moderate = 15 to 30

Most cases of sleep apnea are linked to stress, but the stress in sleep apnea can also lead to other medical problems such as an increased risk for cardiovascular consequences. It has been tested and proven that smoking and diabetes were also a large factor in the disorder of sleep apnea (Simiakakis M et al., 2012). Some studies have shown differences between cardiovascular disease and stress (Greenlund et al. 1995; Riese et al. 2000; Heslop et al. 2002a,b; Belkic et al. 2004). It is a terrifying fear to think that so many medical diseases can lead to the cause of a sleep disorder. It’s like most of the time with people one part of their body messes up, and it leads to something else. It’s an eye opener to realize that this sleep disorder can be caused by many health related problems, and not just stress.