The Effects Of Pharmacological And Pharmacological Strategies On Health Care Costs

Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder. It can have a devastating impact on one’s emotion, physical, occupation and social life. While it occasionally can be seen in the clinical setting as a primary diagnosis, it most often presents as a comorbidity to a medical or psychiatric issue;

Get rid of anything in your bedroom that might distract you from sleep, such as noises, bright lights, an uncomfortable bed, or warm temperatures. You sleep better if the temperature in the room is kept on the cool side. A TV, mobile phone, or computer in the bedroom can be a distraction and deprive you of needed sleep. Having a comfortable mattress and pillow can help promote a good night’s sleep. Individuals who have insomnia often watch the clock. Turn the clock’s face out of view so you don’t worry about the time while trying to fall asleep. You should only use your bedroom for sleep rather than working, eating or watching TV. This will

As we advance in our healthcare system and continue to find cure for the deadly diseases we are also faced with prescription drug prices rising much faster than they were a few years back. Drug prices are increasing at an unmaintainable rate without any sign of reduction. People who are heavily affected by this rise are mostly elderly citizens and also the poor of this country because they can barely afford these expenses. These people either have no money to pay for their copays or no health insurances at all.

In my paper, I will tackle insomnia from various perspectives: definitions, types, causes, effects, and means of solutions.

Sleep is often over looked as an intervention for ME, but through the improvement of environment, medication, life style changes and self-help strategies, sleep can be improved to help provide symptom relief and increase an individuals energy envelope. (ANZMES, n.d.c; Pemberton & Berry, 2009; Wright,

Martha is a 65 year old lady who suffers from insomnia based on the preliminary symptoms of sleeplessness. She is also under severe stress from her mum’s dependence condition which makes her unhappy with her retirement. Martha’s mum’s condition is of great influence to her insomnia disorder for she only thinks of her through out the day, caring for her leaving Martha with little time to check on her health. Insomnia is a disorder that mostly affects the elderly though it may affect people from all ages. It is the lack of sleep even when one feels to have some sleep. It is not a stand alone disease but a symptom which is defined by the duration one lacks quality sleep. Transient insomnia is not having sleep for a week, short term insomnia is lack of adequate sleep for 2-3 weeks, while sleeplessness for a month is termed as chronic insomnia. Various studies have shown that insomnia affects women more often than men and that 30%-50% of elderly Americans experience difficulty in initiating and maintaining adequate sleep. Diagnosing insomnia in a patient the health practitioner would evaluate the patient medical record and other factors that may contribute to insomnia. For example, snoring, psychological factors such as stress levels and drug use. Martha’s physician would check on her medical

Different age groups of people require different hours of sleep. Children and adolescents require nine to eleven hours of sleep per day. Adults need 7-9 hours, yet some people feel better sleeping lesser hours even with those guidelines. It is true that alcohol helps people sleep faster, but sleep is disrupted once the level which is in the blood starts to fall. It might lead to waking up and difficulties to fall back to sleep. It is true that depression and anxiety may lead to lead to insomnia but for a short time. People should understand that insomnia is not only brought by depression, but chronic pain, bad side-effects of a particular medication, worries and stress are also known to cause long-term insomnia (Okun et al., 2009). Depression and anxiety should not keep an individual awake for a long time but only for a short time. Additionally, the myth that it is right the lie in bed sleepless is not true. Everyone requires sleep during the day or at night, and it is necessary for the body and the brain to function properly. Notably, sleep is good for relaxing the brain in adults and in children, sleep is important for development (Szelenberger, 2006). One should not be fooled that sleep is not necessary, but those people with insomnia should practice relaxation techniques for them to fall asleep. It is true that people tend to sleep few hours as they

A single-system research intervention was implemented with a 46-year-old Caucasian female as the subject. The participant is a single personal trainer who lives in Northern New Jersey. The subject has recently dealt with various life changes, such as the death of a family member and the sudden illness of another. She has reported having great difficulty falling asleep due to feeling “anxious” and her “mind racing” throughout the evening hours. The subject reports that it takes well over an hour for her to fall asleep on any given night. Due to her health conscious daily living practices, she is uninterested in utilizing any form of medication to assist her in falling asleep. Additionally, due to the subjects busy lifestyle and early morning work hours, she expressed great interest in attempting to determine a method that would assist in regulating her sleep schedule, as currently, it is negatively impacting various areas of her life.

The title of this study “Sleep Quality in Nurses: A Randomized Clinical Trial of Day and Night Shift Workers” appropriately portrays the information of the article. It describes the design of the study, a randomized trial, as well as the topic, sleep quality of nurses. Overall it gives a good picture of what the article includes.

I have always been enchanted by the idea of sleep. As a child, I laid in bed attempting to understand why I was unable to fall asleep. I knew I wasn’t the only one, but the snoring of my family convinced me otherwise. Biology taught me to understand genetics and environmental cues, but they were unable to explain to me how my sleep pattern was different. Unable to figure the cause of my sleep problems, I delved into self-treatments instead. Curiosity for knowledge in sleep therapy prompted my interest in understanding sleep consequences and health.

For those who are seeking treatment without the help of sleeping pills, a form of cognitive behavioral therapy may be the right method for them. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia, often called CBT-I, is an approved method for treating insomnia without the use of sleeping pills (Cognitive). Focusing on the cognitive aspect of insomnia as a treatment solution is much like trying to find the underlying cause of what is keeping the individual awake at night. This type of therapy involves regular meetings and follow ups with a doctor who will closely evaluate the person’s changing sleep habits while making changes as needed to fit that person’s needs until they get to the point where they can sleep regularly. Some changes that are recommended by the staff of Mayo Clinic may include stimulus control therapy or improving the sleep environment. Stimulus control therapy is the act of training your mind to associate your bedroom with sleeping rather than lying awake or working. It may be helpful to not lie in bed on the phone or watch T.V at night because those could be distractions to the mind that are keeping the body awake. Improving the sleeping environment can aid the body to get in “sleep mode”. Sleeping could be improved by doing simple tasks such as adjusting the room temperature, making the room darker, or eliminating noise can also put the mind at ease for a restful night of sleep (Mayo Clinic Staff). CBT is not a quick cure by any means; however, it can be very successful and long lasting if a person is able to stick with it. A sleep diary is important in CBT as well so that the doctor can assess the person’s changes and they can see the changes as

Over the last two decades, public healthcare spending in Canada continues to increase faster than ever and is continuing to do so. Thus, it makes it harder for governments to finance, and as a result healthcare funding takes up a large share of the government 's budget (Canadian Institution for health information, 2012) . Although Canada provides citizens with universal coverage, but both the public and private plans do not guarantee that all of the five principles that Canada’s health system stands by. Consequently, research has shown that pharmaceutical cost is the third cost driver in health expenditures after hospitals and physicians (National Health Expenditure Database, 2013). This paper will explore the effects that pharmaceutical costs have on the healthcare system. To illustrate this, particular areas will be explored such as location, medication and the price control. Moreover, advantages will be discussed as well as potential challenges that accompany with pharmaceutical costs.

Medicine is a common treatment for insomnia, but the effectiveness of medicine remains uncertain. It is unclear whether medicine has profound improvements in sleep or whether residual symptoms may hinder functioning more. The presence of residual symptoms has shown an association with an additional day of unrestful sleep.15 Yet, medicine has shown improvements in sleep and functioning, although weaker in comparison to CBT15 and Mongolian medical acupuncture.11 Bo et al. directly studied the relationship between acupuncture and medicine,11 while Morin et al. used the relationship between CBT alone or with medicine.13 Morin et al. lacked a medicine only group, but instead furthered their study to examine whether further treatment or no treatment in both groups were effective or not.13 Conflicting with Fitzgerald et al., Morin et al. showed tapering medicine in the extension group to show less improvement in functioning.13 Cancelation of medicine and continuation of CBT would have stopped the presence of residual symptoms and therefore would have shown improvement, but was not the case. Although both CBT and medicine were both effective in improving sleep and daytime functioning, only CBT showed significant reductions in anxiety, depression, and

     “Insomnia is the inability to obtain adequate amount or quality of sleep. The difficulty can be with falling asleep, remaining asleep, or both” (“Insomnia Encyclopedia“). Sleeping is a major point in physically and mentally restoring yourself for the tasks ahead. Most people say that about eight hours of sleep is an adequate amount, however it differs from person to person depending on their sex, age, and health conditions. An estimated one-third of the population suffers from some form of insomnia. “In recent studies, a survey reported that 30% of American women and 20% of American men took medication to help them sleep during the course of a year” (“Insomnia”). The medications these people took are called

Insomnia can sap not only your energy level and mood but also your health, work performance and quality of life. Insomnia is the most common sleep complaint among Americans it can be either acute, lasting one to several nights, or chronic, even lasting months to years. According to the Insomnia “ JAMA; The Journal of the American Medical Association, about thirty to forty percent of adults say they have some symptoms of insomnia within a given year and about ten to fifty percent of adults say they have chronic insomnia. (Insomnia “ JAMA; The Journal of the American Medical Association) Insomnia is higher among older people and woman, the reason woman suffer loss of sleep is in connection with menstruation, pregnancy and menopause. Insomnia sometimes may occur when you are stress whether it is short-term or long-term for some people for instance, problems in a marriage or relationship, loss of a love one, a job. But as well in preparing or anticipating for an event like arrival of a newborn baby, weddings, vacations or holidays makes it even harder to fall asleep. My friends Rosa and Ruby are having symptoms of insomnia disorder because they recently had their newborn baby daughter’s. But I hope they are able to maintain a sleeping schedule for their daughters at certain hours in order for them to get their sleep back. Preventing insomnia it is important to remember to maintain a consistent sleeping schedule and also should avoid too much caffeinate drinks during the eight hours before sleeping. Treatment for insomnia, you can go to a psychiatrist they can prescribe antidepressants or another medications to help your sleeping problems and any mood or anxiety disorder you might have. (The literary Insomniac: stories and essays for sleepless