The Effects Of Pharmacological And Pharmacological Strategies On Health Care Costs

Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder. It can have a devastating impact on one’s emotion, physical, occupation and social life. While it occasionally can be seen in the clinical setting as a primary diagnosis, it most often presents as a comorbidity to a medical or psychiatric issue;

In my paper, I will tackle insomnia from various perspectives: definitions, types, causes, effects, and means of solutions.

Martha is a 65 year old lady who suffers from insomnia based on the preliminary symptoms of sleeplessness. She is also under severe stress from her mum’s dependence condition which makes her unhappy with her retirement. Martha’s mum’s condition is of great influence to her insomnia disorder for she only thinks of her through out the day, caring for her leaving Martha with little time to check on her health. Insomnia is a disorder that mostly affects the elderly though it may affect people from all ages. It is the lack of sleep even when one feels to have some sleep. It is not a stand alone disease but a symptom which is defined by the duration one lacks quality sleep. Transient insomnia is not having sleep for a week, short term insomnia is lack of adequate sleep for 2-3 weeks, while sleeplessness for a month is termed as chronic insomnia. Various studies have shown that insomnia affects women more often than men and that 30%-50% of elderly Americans experience difficulty in initiating and maintaining adequate sleep. Diagnosing insomnia in a patient the health practitioner would evaluate the patient medical record and other factors that may contribute to insomnia. For example, snoring, psychological factors such as stress levels and drug use. Martha’s physician would check on her medical

Different age groups of people require different hours of sleep. Children and adolescents require nine to eleven hours of sleep per day. Adults need 7-9 hours, yet some people feel better sleeping lesser hours even with those guidelines. It is true that alcohol helps people sleep faster, but sleep is disrupted once the level which is in the blood starts to fall. It might lead to waking up and difficulties to fall back to sleep. It is true that depression and anxiety may lead to lead to insomnia but for a short time. People should understand that insomnia is not only brought by depression, but chronic pain, bad side-effects of a particular medication, worries and stress are also known to cause long-term insomnia (Okun et al., 2009). Depression and anxiety should not keep an individual awake for a long time but only for a short time. Additionally, the myth that it is right the lie in bed sleepless is not true. Everyone requires sleep during the day or at night, and it is necessary for the body and the brain to function properly. Notably, sleep is good for relaxing the brain in adults and in children, sleep is important for development (Szelenberger, 2006). One should not be fooled that sleep is not necessary, but those people with insomnia should practice relaxation techniques for them to fall asleep. It is true that people tend to sleep few hours as they

Ebben, M. R., & Narizhnaya, M. (2012). Cognitive and Behavioral Treatment Options for Insomnia. Mount Sinai Journal Of Medicine, 79(4)

I have always been enchanted by the idea of sleep. As a child, I laid in bed attempting to understand why I was unable to fall asleep. I knew I wasn’t the only one, but the snoring of my family convinced me otherwise. Biology taught me to understand genetics and environmental cues, but they were unable to explain to me how my sleep pattern was different. Unable to figure the cause of my sleep problems, I delved into self-treatments instead. Curiosity for knowledge in sleep therapy prompted my interest in understanding sleep consequences and health.

Over the last two decades, public healthcare spending in Canada continues to increase faster than ever and is continuing to do so. Thus, it makes it harder for governments to finance, and as a result healthcare funding takes up a large share of the government 's budget (Canadian Institution for health information, 2012) . Although Canada provides citizens with universal coverage, but both the public and private plans do not guarantee that all of the five principles that Canada’s health system stands by. Consequently, research has shown that pharmaceutical cost is the third cost driver in health expenditures after hospitals and physicians (National Health Expenditure Database, 2013). This paper will explore the effects that pharmaceutical costs have on the healthcare system. To illustrate this, particular areas will be explored such as location, medication and the price control. Moreover, advantages will be discussed as well as potential challenges that accompany with pharmaceutical costs.

Schutte-Rodin S, Broch L, Buysse D, Dorsey C, Sateia M. Clinical guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic insomnia in adults. J Clin Sleep Med. 2008 Oct 15. 4(5):487-504.

Many individuals in our society struggle from lack of sleep from various different problems. In order to understand the reason why this is a problem I examined the circadian clock and how Melatonin fits in the natural “day/night” cycle and affects human sleeping patterns. Various studies using individuals with either insomnia, stressed college students or a history of sleep disorders measured the initial sleep disturbance patterns. The researchers performed double blind studies with both placebo and Melatonin in order to determine whether an external source of Melatonin helped with sleeping patterns to follow

"(”Having Trouble Sleeping?”)Sleep is a biological necessity and is essential for the restoration of cells in the body. Saundra K. Ciccarelli and J. Noland White, authors of Psychology, fourth edition states, “sleep is one of the human body’s biological rhythms, natural cycles of activity that the body must go through”(138). Naturally as a person ages they become more in control and aware of their sleep schedule. This ability to make the choice of when to go to sleep and for how long is when bad habits start to develop. Trouble getting to sleep and staying asleep is a widespread issue. Often people think they have a medical sleep disorder, but most sleeping problems can be traced back to bad habits throughout the day before bed and while in

     “Insomnia is the inability to obtain adequate amount or quality of sleep. The difficulty can be with falling asleep, remaining asleep, or both” (“Insomnia Encyclopedia“). Sleeping is a major point in physically and mentally restoring yourself for the tasks ahead. Most people say that about eight hours of sleep is an adequate amount, however it differs from person to person depending on their sex, age, and health conditions. An estimated one-third of the population suffers from some form of insomnia. “In recent studies, a survey reported that 30% of American women and 20% of American men took medication to help them sleep during the course of a year” (“Insomnia”). The medications these people took are called

One implication of this research is that it has the potential to change treatment towards sleep disorders and insomnia for both patients and doctors/therapist. “Demand for sleep treatment often exceeds the availability

Sleep disorders is one of the pivotal behavior in modern times when shortage of time for oneself is often the case with everyone. The problem is far more chronic when the patient has a condition of ADHD (Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder). The article sums up this condition, its effect on sleep and its remedy through different medications. The article describes that sleep disturbance can be divided into four categories which are; Initiation Insomnia, Restless Sleep, Difficulty Waking and Intrusive Sleep. Then articles discuss different theories from respected psychiatrists like Myron Brenner and Thomas Brown on the causes of this type of sleep disorder. Articles progresses with a explaining different ways to remedy the situation like using bed for sleeping and not thinking bout the problems of life, sticking to a vigorous routine of sleeping as well

Many people around the world experience sleep disorders at some point in their lives. Insomnia is one of the common sleep disorders that defined as an inability to fall or stay asleep a result there are five million patients per year in the US alone. Because having sleep problems can have serious consequences such as affecting the mood, weight, and memory, it is important to know how to treat it accurately. The non drug strategies are the best way to control insomnia (1). Cognitive behavioral therapy is a type of non drug strategies that have many steps to treat insomnia, but the most common steps are a sleep restriction therapy, sleep hygiene education, and relaxation.

Imagine coming home from a exhausting day at school and work and all you want to do is sleep. For some reason, no matter what you do, you cannot. Your brain rotating in every direction trying to reason with you on why you can not fall asleep. Not anything seems to allay people who battle insomnia at night. We as human beings spend one third of our lives in a mysterious, potentially dangerous and seemingly unproductive state of unconsciousness--and no one knows exactly why. Yes, we do need sleep in order to rejuvenate our body and mind. Without sleep, our bodies experience multiple physical and mental malfunctions. Insomnia is a common sleep disorder that scourges millions of people around the world by not