The Effects Of Race And Childhood Corporal Punishment On Physical Aggression Towards Future Generations Of Children

Markham believes that “corporal punishment was linked with . . . increased rates of aggression, delinquency, mental health problems, and problems in relationships with their parents. . . .As adults, they are more likely to hit their spouses.” Markham’s statements, however, can easily be disproven. Markham based her facts on an “analysis of 88 corporal punishment studies over six decades. . . .” While initially these studies may seem trustworthy, it is impossible for them to be believable. Six decades ago, if a child was receiving a punishment, he was told to grab a switch from outside and bring it to his parent so the child could be spanked with it. When that child became a parent a couple decades later, he used the same form of punishment on his children because it worked on him when he was a child and the cycle then repeats. These studies cannot accurately show that spanking in childhood has caused issues in adulthood because throughout generations parents continue to use the same punishment on their children even if the parents did not agree with the punishment when they were

Parents cite children’s aggression and failure to comply with a request as the most common reasons for hitting them. Children, endowed with wonderful flexibility and ability to learn, typically adapt to punishment faster than parents can escalate it, which helps encourage a little hitting to lead to a lot of hitting (Kazdin par 2). The negative effects on children include increased aggression and non-compliance the very misbehaviors that most often inspire parents to hit in the first place as well as poor quality of parent-child relationships (Kazdin par3). The direct experience of that momentary pause in misbehavior has a powerful effect, conditioning the parent to hit again next time to achieve the jolt of fleeing success (Kazdin par

Moreover, another factor believed to contribute to child abuse is the widespread belief that it is completely appropriate to utilize physical punishment when disciplining children. The book claims that parents tend to cross the line between “appropriate” physical punishment and child abuse when they get angry and use physical punishment for discipline their children. Also, the book claims that they are various social factors that contribute to child abuse. These are lack of education, poverty, family problems, and unemployment. These factors all have the ability to cause individuals a great deal of stress. When stress builds up in an individual, an individual may be more likely to become physically aggressive towards their children whenever

Race has been considered a risk factor for the onset of violence for some time and it is included as a risk factor in some studies trying to predict violence (Office of the Surgeon General, 2001). However, does race predict violence once other known risk factors are taken into account? As it turns out, research indicates that when the effects of other known risk factors have been considered, generally no significant effect of race on youth violence has been found (Elliott et al., 1989; Reiss and Roth, 1993; Roitberg and Menard, 1995). Thus, it appears that race is not a risk factor. Rather, it can be said to be a risk marker. That is, race suggests other known risk factors, which include living in poor, single-parent families, doing poorly

Department of Health and Human Services confirmed over 754,000 cases of child maltreatment; nearly 18% were victims of physical maltreatment or child physical abuse (Tucker & Rodriguez, 2014). Stress is a major contributor to child physical cruelty possibility. Parent-child aggression can be characterized along with a selection, where physical discipline alternates at some point to become physically violent, contributing to the difficulty in unique physical discipline switches at some points to become physically abusive. Physical abuse often occurs within the environment of a parent administering physical discipline. The concept of child abuse potential includes beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors identified in abusive parents to estimate the likelihood that a parent will engage in physical discipline that becomes abusive. Family dysfunction alone has long been recognized as insufficient to lead to abuse. Abusive families are more likely to display an unstable and unpredictable family structure. Larger family size was associated with greater abuse

Subconsciously most adults tend to believe that the easiest way to deal with a disobedient child or person is to physically harm. This answer of violence more times than not stems from the anger a student caused in doing wrong. Justification for corporal punishment originates from the past and is often the defense of pro-corporal punishment advocates. Physical punishment can be traced back to ancient times exemplified in Egypt, concerning the slaves that built the pyramids, these deep roots of physical punishment are often referred to as a form of proof that it works. To use Egyptian violence as an example is pushing the envelope of what corporal punishment is today, however the reaction to that punishment is similar because human nature is present in both time periods. Punishment in and of itself is not inheritably detrimental to a person’s development, however in the case of school corporal punishment the extra violent input into a child can produce unintended violence later in life.

Consistent use of corporal punishment has been an indicator of less effective parenting and is commonly linked to socialization out comes such as delinquency, low self-esteem, and social incompetence (Day 81).

Slade and Wissow in (2014) said, “children who were younger than 2 years were followed up ~4 years later, after they had enter school shown behavior problem.” This study show that those white non-hispanic children who spank shown mote behavior problem after the four year. This give some association to spanking. ii. Stack, Oshio, Gerad & etc in (2009) wrote that, “Among three ethnic groups, spanking was only associated with aggressive b behavior for children who had a Caucasian mother.”

Parents who use corporal punishment on a regular basis to discipline children run a higher risk of physically abusing their children (Gershoff.

Researchers have found a positive correlation between externalizing (aggression) and internalizing (lowered self esteem, depression, anxiety) and domestic violence exposed children. Children exposed to domestic violence have been found to be four times more likely to develop internalizing or externalizing behavior

S. Lee, J. Manganello, J. Rice, C. Taylor (2010) preformed a study to understand childhood aggression. The journal article of Mothers’ Spanking of 3-Year-Old Children and Subsequent Risk of Children’s Aggressive Behavior starts by saying that they are not the first to perform this research and many of studies have displayed connection between corporal punishment with children and child aggression. They are testing their research with new controlling factors, which have not been controlled together before. (Lee et al., 2010) The main goal of the article is to determine the association between the use of corporal punishment against 3-year-old children and recognize later aggressive behavior among those children.

A 2015 study found that in countries where corporal punishment is legal, it is used at a rate 1.7 times higher than in countries where it is illegal (DuRivage et al., 2015). The European study looked at six different countries – Bulgaria, Germany, Lithuania, Netherlands, Romania, and Turkey – and corporal punishment was only legal in two of these countries (Lithuania and Turkey). School-aged children from 6 years to 11 years (total of 4,957 children) were reviewed in another sequential design study. In this study, questions were given to both the parents and the children about their relationships, how frequent the spankings were, and whether or not they were justified/deserving. Mental health was assessed before the study, as well as after. Majority of the parents across all six countries who reported using corporal punishment were relatively young (under 40), less educated, and less likely to have professional jobs (DuRivage et al., 2015). The use of corporal punishment in Europe, whether frequent or not, was found to be negatively associated with the children’s mental health, and researchers concluded that corporal punishment was not effective in

Statistics indicate many aggressors at some point or another have witnessed acts of violence. During childhood, these observed behaviors can have a major impact and influence on adolescent and adult attitudes, perception of self and others. "Children become more susceptible and prone to negative and dangerous behaviors which can

Gershoff, E. T. (2002). Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behavior and experiences: A meta-analysis and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 539 to 579

Most parents in the United States have used spanking and slapping as a punishment, even though it is advised against. Is a mother’s use of corporal punishment (CP) on a 3-year-old child linked to risk for that child being more aggressive at 5 years of age, even after controlling for the child's initial level of aggression at age 3 and other important maternal parenting risk factor and demographic features? (Taylor, Manganello, Lee, Rice, 2010). Many studies have been completed that have shown an affiliation between the two factors, the independent variable being a mother’s use of CP and the dependent variable being the index of the child’s aggression at age 5.