The Effects Of STZ On Β-Cells Of Pancreas

Similarly, an increase in the levels of lipid peroxidation was observed in Aβ-induced rat hippocampal cells, confirming previous reports [17]. Enzymatic antioxidants such as SOD, catalase, and GPX act as the cellular antioxidant defense mechanism against free radicals. Since NADPH is required for the regeneration of catalase from its inactive form, catalase activity might be decreased in Aβ induced toxicity due to reduced NADPH levels. In this study, we have reported that Honokiol treatment significantly increased the enzymatic antioxidant activities in APP-CHO cells. In addition, non-enzymatic antioxidants like GSH also exhibited beneficial neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress. GSH is an endogenous nonenzymatic antioxidant that prevents damage to cellular components caused by ROS such as free radicals and peroxides. GSH is oxidized to glutathione disulfide (GSSG) by ROS, thereby causing a reduction in the level of GSH. GR reduces GSSG to GSH via NADPH, which in turn is released by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase [18]. Honokiol treatment upregulated the activity of these antioxidants in APP-CHO cells. In addition to oxidative stress, a strong association between insulin resistance and the development of AD has been demonstrated. Several studies have reported that insulin resistance (IR), an underlying characteristic of type 2 diabetes, is an important risk factor for AD

Main compounds of the enzymatic antioxidant system are three, namely, SOD, CAT and tT which have an important role in detoxifying of H2O2 and superoxide anion in cells. Ample of hepatotoxic drugs induces the liver damage by lipid peroxidation indirectly or directly. The proxy radicals are main factors that mediate lipid peroxidation leading to liver injury and kidney damage(41). MDA as a main reactive aldehyde appears during polyunsaturated fatty acid peroxidation in the biological

The researchers demonstrated that human liver cells would secrete insulin as well as control blood glucose levels in vivo by testing diabetic immunedeficient mice. They observed how well a mouse would improve the state of hyperglycemia. They observed the immunodeficient mice before and during the times of the study to attribute the change in the glucose blood levels were due to the liver

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a free radical scavenging enzyme that catalyses the dismutation of highly reactive superoxide anion O2 to molecular (O2) and to the less reactive species hydrogen peroxide. It has been proposed that poor glycemic control in diabetes is associated with depletion of antioxidant enzymes including SOD.

Several possible mechanisms have been explained regarding diabetes induced neurodegeneration. Diabetes mellitus and the accompanying hyperglycemia is a chronic endogenous stressor that is accompanied with increased oxidative stress in brain, particularly the hippocampus, by accelerating free radical generation. These radicals contribute to increased neuronal degeneration by inducing oxidation to proteins, DNA alterations and lipids oxidation in cell membranes .

Diabetes mellitus is a group of diseases which affect the amount of glucose in the blood. The high blood glucose levels are caused by the body not being able to produce enough insulin to meet its metabolic needs. Insulin is a hormone released from the pancreas which controls the amount of glucose in the blood. When there is too much glucose in the blood insulin will be released which will move glucose into the cells. Once in the cells the glucose is used as an energy source or it is stored as glycogen. There are two diseases which fall under diabetes mellitus which are type I and type II. In type I diabetes the body cannot produce insulin due to the destruction of the pancreatic beta cells. Type II diabetes is

Diabetes directly caused 1.5 million deaths in 2012(Global reports on diabetes, WHO, 2016). Diabetes is a result of improper functioning of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism resulting in resistance to the insulin being produced by the pancreas which finally results into higher blood glucose levels. It can further lead to many complications such as retinopathy, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, hypertension, neuropathy and nephropathy if not managed. There is strong evidence suggesting that T2DM is a result of failure of beta-cells in the pancreas. It starts as a decrease in the response by the peripheral tissues to insulin (insulin resistance) and gradually affects the functioning of beta-cells of pancreas, finally resulting in severe destruction of the cells and hence there is little or no insulin production in the body which results in impaired glucose tolerance and elevated blood glucose levels[1]. Controlling diabetes involves changes in dietary habits, exercise and use of conventional medications. However, traditional medicines can have adverse side effect and can be expensive. Lot of investigations continue to be done to check the efficacy of natural medicinal herbs and spices to manage a whole range of diseases including diabetes

Fasting glucose may fail to explain the positive relationship between HbA1c and CVD and mortality (Selvin et al.,2010).Correction for classical risk factors (including smoking, dyslipidaemia, inflammation) explain the relationship better (van't Riet et al., 2012), suggesting that a shared mechanism may drive the increase in HbA1c levels. In the glycation pathway, oxidative stress can increase glycation in two ways, by promoting glucose aut-oxidation or by fructosamine oxidation leading to increased AGEs production (mainly CML). The first mechanism, the Wolff pathway, suggests that in the presence of oxidative stress, especially transition metal ions, glucose can get ‘autoxidised’ and produce a-oxoaldehydes (like methylglyoxal). The oxoaldehyde

This paper aims to provide the gaps in our understanding of the Type 2 Diabetes by examining the functions of the pancreas in controlling the sugar levels in the human body and enhance our ability to distinguish the anatomy of the human pancreas. The author also attempts a better understanding of the function of insulin and glucagon hormones in the pancreatic process. It is hoped that this paper will inform those who do not have the understanding and knowledge about the signs and symptoms, causes, treatments, care and prevention of the Type 2 Diabetes.

“A drug court is a special court given responsibility to handle cases involving substance-abusing offenders through comprehensive supervision, drug testing, treatment services and immediate sanctions and incentives” (“what are drug courts?”). “These offenders have alcohol, drug addiction, and depending problems. Drug courts keep individuals in treatment long enough for it to work, while supervising them closely” (“what are drug courts?”). “In 1989, the first drug court was built in Miami-Dade County, Florida. The Miami-Dade drug court sparked a national revolution that has forever changed our justice system” (“what are drug courts?”). “Circuit court Judge Herbert M. Klein had become troubled by the negative effects of drug offenses on Dade County. He became determined to address the problem caused by widespread drug use. This first drug court became a model program for the nation” (“Drug Courts”, 2005). The main purpose of the drug court system is mainly to utilize the programs set in place to help serve the community better, and to deal with drug offenders in the local community. Each offender, whether they are a drug user or another offense, have drug courts that specifically tailor to the needs and certain interventions needed. Drug courts aim to monitor drug addicted criminal offenders and provide them treatment. It also helps these individuals from obtaining any more drugs, committing crimes due to drug use, helps them to complete their education, and helps them to

Reactive hypoglycemia, a rare form of hypoglycemia, increases insulin levels after the consumption of excess carbohydrates, leading to a drop in blood glucose levels. This differs from conventional hypoglycemia where blood glucose drops several hours after a meal, but can easily be returned to normal by the consumption of food. Reactive hypoglycemia can cause fatigue, dizziness, shakiness, and in extreme cases, a coma. Although no effective treatments exist, glucagon, a peptide hormone derived from pancreatic alpha cells, seems to reduce symptoms. In the proposed experiment, the effectiveness of glucagon relative to a regimen of dietary control, exercise, and Acarbose will be tested on Zucker-diabetic-fatty (ZDF) rats (Rattus rattus). Three

The current study demonstrates that diabetic group induces a decrease in body growth rate during the experimental period studied as compared to control group. The decrease in body weight in diabetic rats could be due to dehydration and catabolism of fats and proteins. Such results are in agreement with previous studies[ , ]. However, group III showed increase in body weight that renders them to near the normal control group. The increase in body weight of glibenclamide treated rats may be due to increase insulin secretion or increase food consumption. Also, oral administration of Ch.t extract for eight weeks to diabetic rats increased their food consumption and improved body weight. This could be due to a better control

Diabetes mellitus, commonly referred to as diabetes, is caused by a lack of absolute or relative insulin, in which there is a defect in insulin secretion and/or its action. The hormone insulin is produced by the pancreas and is responsible for regulating blood glucose levels. The pancreas normalizes elevations in blood glucose by lowering its levels by releasing insulin (1). In diabetic persons, the inadequate production of and/or reaction to insulin results in manifestations of hyperglycemia, other metabolic derangements, and long-term damage to blood vessels, eyes, nerves, kidneys, and the heart (2). Consequently, diabetes is a leading cause of cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, heart failure, and stroke (3). These conditions experienced by diabetic persons are the result of damage to small vessels, as diabetes increases conditions of hardening and narrowing within the arteries.

A contrary explanation is that, dualism comes from the Latin word duo, meaning two. Dualism has been linked with the thoughts of René Descartes in 1641. He was the generated the impression the theory of mind-body dualism. He specified that mind is not in the interior of the brain, but it is a nonphysical substance (). Descartes extended his knowledge by distinguishing matter and mind. The physical matter was termed res extensa; therefore, the mind was referred to res cogitans. Descartes superior saying was “I can doubt everything, except one thing, and that is the very fact that I doubt. Simply put- I think, therefore I am.” (). He found that he could doubt everything, but his ability to think was unquestionable. Since doubt is a kind of and

Diabetes Mellitus is “a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. It is a disease which is caused by the insufficient insulin secretion or decrease in the peripheral effects of insulin. It is a serious problem in terms of morbidity and mortality. The hyperglycemia is associated with long term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels. It’s associated with many complications which includes blindness of the eyes and amputations of the extremities. It is also associated with neuropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular diseases which lead to mortalities.