The Effects Of The Opioid Pain Inhibition Disorder

Opiate addiction can cause many negative changes in the brain. This leads to the structure and functioning of the brain to perform lower than usual. As a result of constant consumption of the opiate medications, addicts lose most of their ability to cope with pain naturally without taking use of pain medication (Torres, 2014). This low tolerance of pain leads to the addict experiencing a higher level of pain since they consistently have high levels of opiates in their system (Torres, 2014). Opiates have the ability to produce withdrawal symptoms in a few hours after the last dose (Opiate Withdrawal Timelines, Symptoms and

Opioids (including natural and synthetic) work by binding to opioid receptors in the CNS sending inaccurate signals to the brain about the intensity of pain being experienced, which results in a sedating feeling. Opioids affect how brain feels pleasure. In the event of consuming opioids while not experiencing pain, a person would experience elation, intense joy and comfort. Both aforementioned feelings act as positive reinforcement of opioids. The bodily response of using opioids weakens after a while of use, and the user starts to build up a tolerance. The continual usage of opioids changes how the brain works, where the brain learns to crave opioids when opioids are not available to maintain a ‘normal’ stable state. The CNS starts to send

Endogenous opioids work together to modulate pain by activating different types of opioid receptors (μ, δ, κ, ORL1). In contrast, most exogenous opioids are primarily using μ receptors to dampen pain. T exogenous opioids will disproportionately activate feelings of euphoria and breathing by activating every μ receptor in the brain/spinal cord to successfully diminish the sensations of pain. There is a relationship between this disproportionate activation and our problems of addiction, dependence, and overdosing.

Pain is a common symptom that is associated with numerous medical issues, including musculoskeletal problems that physical therapist see on a day to day basis. There are several different ways to treat pain and one of them is to provide a means of releasing opioids in the body to alter the pain experience. In fact, there are three different types of opioids: naturally occurring (endogenous or exogenous substances such as natural endorphins or poppy), semisynthetic (exogenous substances that contain both natural and synthetic agents), and synthetic agents (man-made substances used to mimic the effect of natural substances) used to decrease the symptom of pain.1

Opioids are pain relievers that bind to opioid receptors on nerve cells throughout the body. They produce feelings of euphoria, tranquility and sedation. However, opioids are “considered the most harmful of all illicit drugs” (Amato et al., 2005, p.321).

Another potential explanation for this finding is estrogen's role in internalization of opioid receptors. While the exact mechanism of tolerance to opioids in general remains a controversial topic, one

Opioid receptors belong to the family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) with opioids as ligands. Opioid receptors, containing four major subtypes, are widely distributed in the brain, the spinal cord and digestive tract. The OPRM1 gene encodes the μ-opioid receptor (MOR), which involved in mediating acute changes in neuronal excitability by suppressing presynaptic release of GABA. Heteromerization of OPRM1 with OPRD1 results in the modulation of receptor binding and signaling properties. Identification of the compounds that selectively activate OPRM1-OPRD1 heterodimerization shows the importance in the treatment of pain and alleviate unwanted effects associated

Addiction is a brain disease that affects neurochemical and physiological components of brain function. Kreek, Levran, Reed, Schlussman, Zhau, and Butelman (2012) found some individuals are genetically predisposed to addictive brain disease due to polymorphism of many genes, especially those involved in encoding opioid receptors and ligands. Addictive brain disease is epigenetic in nature, meaning that in addition to genetic predisposition, environmental exposures aid in the progression of the disease. The pleasurable effects of opioids create a conditioned association within the affected person, which can be triggered by person, places, or things.

Hypothalamic, pituitary, and testicular tissues were collected to quantify mRNA levels using qPCR. Accordingly, KISS1, Kiss1r, and GNRH mRNA levels in the hypothalamus were significantly lower in the treatment group than in the control group (P < 0.05). Immunization with active kisspeptin DNA vaccine suppresses feedback regulation of the gonads in the hypothalamus and synthesis of GNRH in the hypothalamus. It is believed that the kisspeptin- Kiss1r system has been a significant integrator of multiple hormonal and physiological signals with GNRH neurons. Xing-fa et al. [2014] showed that the level of KISS1 mRNA and that of KISS1 receptor Kiss1r in the hypothalamus were notably reduced after immunological or surgical castration. The amount of GNRH mRNA in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus and mRNAs of genes in the sex-hormone negative-feedback loops in the hypothalamus were decreased in pregnenolone-immunized rabbits compared to controls. The actions of GNRH are mediated by kisspeptin neurons, which express steroid receptors [García-Galiano et al., 2011].

Nerve cells are known to receive an initial signal, propagate it, and ultimately deliver it to an effector cell. This passage of information is very complex and the slightest derailment can cause the entire cascade to cease. In the articles, "Effects of the Hormone Kisspeptin on Reproductive Hormone Release in Humans" and "Pacemaking Kisspeptin Neurons" the Kisspeptin neuron as well as its associated neurons and messengers are discussed. The articles mainly serve to define the Kisspeptin nerve’s main role in puberty and reproduction, whereas previously the nerve was mostly researched in regard to its effect on tumors. The articles also discuss the cause and result of related health problems

Pharmacological and lesion studies confirm that ascending medullary NE neurons are required for generation of HPA axis responses to stressful stimuli (Gaillet et al., 1993; Li et al., 1996), mediated by adrenergic receptors in the parvocellular PVN (Plostsky, 1987; Day et al.,

When the body is subjected to stress or pain, the pituitary releases it into the bloodstream. The beta endorphins bind to special receptors in located in the brain, spinal cord, immune system, and adrenal glands. These receptors are known as opioid receptors and can be categorized as binding to several different types of endorphin and opium derivative while being blocked by the chemical naloxone. When bound to these receptors, they produce an inhibitory effect on the neural pathways for pain, reducing the effect and perception of pain. When there is a high enough quantity in the body, this can also cause a sensation colloquially known as “runner’s high”. This is a euphoric state usually caused by extreme exercise. I believe the natural glow and warm feeling that a woman has after childbirth can also be contributed partially from the effect of beta endorphins on the body, as childbirth is one of the most extreme things that can happy to a body. This hormone is also found in the body when we laugh, during sex, eat spicy foods, listen to emotionally complex music, and in small amounts in the bloodstream doing regulatory jobs. Independent of the pain reduction effects, Beta endorphins have an interesting effect on other parts of our body

Research has demonstrated that an increase in the concentration of dopamine in the VTA enhances the desire of reward-related stimuli (Lee, 2013). The effect of alcohol intake is not directly correlated to dopamine receptors; but involves the indirect increase of dopamine in the reward pathway, or MDS (Boileau, Assaad, Pihl, Benkelfat et al., 2003). The increase in dopamine is attributed to alcohol directly affecting the GABA system - inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, and the endorphin system - peptide hormones that bind to opioid receptors and affect sensation of pain. Neurons from both the GABA and endorphin systems extend into the MDS. When directly stimulated by alcohol, both the GABA and endorphin pathways release dopamine into the reward pathway, ultimately accounting for alcohol’s capacity to indirectly induce an increase of dopamine (Boileau et al., 2003; Ramchandani, 2005) (Appendix B). Subsequently the increase of dopamine in the MDS enhances the attractiveness of reward-related

These nonpharmacologic comfort measures work by providing distraction during uterine contraction. “According to the gate control theory of pain, only a limited number of sensations can travel along neural pathways at any one time, so when activities fill the pathway, pain is being inhibited”. (Leifer, 2012)

These pain relievers are small polypeptide chains made in the brain and are also responsible for the feelings of euphoria encountered when you eat spicy food or after exercise. Opioid drugs mimic the action of these peptide chains, however some enkephalins are a thousand times as effective as drugs such as morphine. Because of this, chemists are trying to synthesise new drugs based on the enkephalins but their duration of analgesic action is short as they can be easily hydrolysed in the body by the enzyme peptidase2.3,10.