The Effects Of Time Of Day On Violent Crime Activity

Routine activity theory states that for a crime to be committed, three important factors need to be present including: a motivated offender, an accessible target, and the absence of a capable guardian against a violation. Marcus Felson and Lawrence E. Cohen introduced the routine activity theory in 1979, where they believed that an individual who has these three characteristics gives them a greater possibility of committing a crime. Moreover, situational crime prevention is known as strategies of ways for preventing or reducing the opportunities for criminals to commit crimes that derive from the routines of an individual’s everyday life. Ronald V. Clarke introduced situational crime prevention theory in 1983, where he believed that removing the situation instead of removing the criminal could prevent crime. In this paper, I will be discussing what routine activity/situational crime prevention theory is, and apply two peer-reviewed articles from Google Scholar that test the routine activity/situational crime prevention theory by discussing what the authors are trying to figure out and discuss their findings, and lastly, tie the routine activity/situational crime prevention theory articles to our textbook in hopes to fully understand in depth what the theory encompasses.

Karen Russel’s “The Star-Gazer’s Log of Summer-Time Crime” accounts the story of a boy named Ollie as he attempts to fit in with a boy that leads the group to commit “Summer-time crimes”. Russel is successful in creating a memorable story through symbolism, unique characters, and a poignant ending.

City Heights East is divided by many different ethnicities. There is 54.3% Hispanic, 20.9% Asian, 15% Black, 7.3% White, 2.2% mixed, and 0.3% other. With this data we can see that there is is range of different ethnicities and not one fully overrides other. This is a diverse community with some great cultures throughout. With this comes crime. With a total of about 30 assaults in the past year, there needs to be a sense of community rather than a sense of territory. Within this sections it will review the cost of living, the employment rates, the school’s, and the community organization. These are all important when looking at a specific crime and how to improve it within the community.

Individuals who are affiliated with gangs commit crimes such as homicide consistently. Gangs target areas where people are not unified and would be less likely to contact authorities if violence broke out. Drive by shootings occur so often that Detective Dale Wallis says “they [gangs] do not care who’s going to get shot” (qtd. in Minty 1). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) did a report to determine the top five United States cities to have high levels of gang homicide. Those five cities were Los Angeles, California; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Long Beach, California; Oakland, California, and Newark, New Jersey. The study

In 2001 the juvenile violent crime index arrest rate declined for the seventh consecutive year. The rate increased dramatically from the late 1980’s through 1994 and then began its steady downward trend. By 2001

Neighborhood's ecological conditions shape crime rates over and above the characteristics of individual residents. Communities that have been invaded by businesses and industry cease to function effectively as a means of social control. Their traditional norms and standards eventually weaken and disappear. The community's resistance to

Violent crimes in their 334 developments have risen over 31% since 2009 and the city needs over $15 billion to properly fix the buildings over the next 5 years (Smith, 2014). Castle Hill, Patterson, Wagner, Brownsville, Van Dyke I, Butler, Ingersoll, Queensbridge South, Polo Grounds Towers, and Red Hook West are the worst of the worst and will require almost $2 billion to fix (Smith, 2014). The conditions were so bad that 65% felt that intruders could gain entry because bad locks and 45% did not feel safe in their stairwells (Smith, 2014). The money and decisions for how to fix these problems and reduce crime have to come from

It is also important to note that the data packet specified the majority of the juvenile crimes recorded in 2013 were occurring on Fridays (CEBCP, 2013). However, there was no consistent monthly pattern that could be determined. We believe the juveniles would offend on Friday due to the release of school for the weekend. Because there were multiple schools within the hotspot, there would be a large convergence of juveniles at or around the same time. Also, there were multiple transit stops and paths within the hotspot. Crime might have been exacerbated by the transient nature of the area. There was recently a large event that brought approximately 1,000 people to the area (CEBCP, 2013). This would also result in a large convergence of people along the bus stops and bring strangers to the area, aggravating the current crime problem. However, Group 2 specifically focused on the juveniles who were shoplifting clothing from the nearby stores.

The Philadelphia foot patrol experiment: a randomized controlled trial of police patrol effectiveness in violent crime hotspots is an experiment that had over 200 foot patrol officers during the summer of 2009, in the Philadelphia area (Ratcliffe, 2011). This research covered 60 violent crime hotspots in twelve weeks (Ratcliffe, 2001). There was a noticeable reduction in the violent crimes within those area hotspots. Furthermore, 53% of violent crimes were prevented during the twelve weeks of the experiment (Ratcliffe, 2011). In conjunction the type of patrol that was utilized, was foot patrol in the hotspot areas, which was the independent variable. The dependent variable was the reduction

In this paper it is going to discuss violent crime and property crime. It will be discussing the different types of violent crimes and property crimes that exist. The differences between the two crimes and there impact on the United States. The statistics of violent crime compared to property crime in the year 2012. There are many things that may surprise you when it comes to the crime rate in 2012 compared to 2011 and before then.

The aim of this essay is to compare, contrast and evaluate two sociological theories of crime causation and two psychological theories of crime causation.

Ratcliffe, J. H., Taniguchi, T., Groff, E. R., & Wood, J. D. (2011) focused on hotspots in Philadelphia. To find these hotspots the researchers used violent crimes such as homicide, aggravated assault and robberies from the Incident Transmittal System (INCT) database of the Philadelphia police report from 2006-2008. These measures have face validity since these are common violent crime that large cities have. The database used is a valid way to estimate crime, but also does have limitations. The researchers were able to use a t-test with linear regression models to find the impact of footpaths while taking into consideration of extraneous influences. The limitations of using official data from a police department are the unreported crimes

In the article, the general argument made by the author in his work about the rising murder rate, is that homicide is on the rise and is being blamed on drugs. More specifically, he argues that homicide is on the rise because of lack of government interference. He states that violent crime, that includes rapes, robberies, and assaults, in addition to homicides, is up, rising only four percent in 2015. He writes, “And then nothing will change. When it comes to how the country deals with crime, impasse and stalemate will win the day.” In that segment, the author is stating that the government won’t take quick action in the rising violence, and it will get worse, causing nothing to change. He suggests that the government disregards their

The effects of crime on victim can have a mixed feeling about making a victim impact statement. They may want to tell the judge or parole hearing officer how the crime affected their life and yet they may be anxious because you don't know how to prepare an impact statement or you don't want to bring back bad memories by describing how the crime has hurt you. The victim impact statements may include descriptions of:

According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report “National Crime Victimization Survey” (October 2000), it was reported that in 1998 urban residents experienced overall