The Effects Of Training On Elite Endurance Athletes

D1 outline the relationships between the cardiovascular, respiratory and energy systems before, during and after a sporting activity

The fourth, and most significant, response to training that a touch football player would experience is a change in their oxygen uptake. Maximal oxygen uptake, or max VO2, is considered by professionals to be the best guide for cardiorespiratory

In the study conducted by Edward H Robinson and Jeffrey R Stout, the use of one weekly interval session at vVO₂max led to a 3% improvement in vVO₂max and a 6% improvement in running(4).The interval duration was set to be 50% of the individual time that the athletes could sustain vVO₂max (the time that VO₂max can be sustained is called tlimvVO₂max or Tmax) which averaged around 3 minutes. The optimum length of VO₂max intervals is not clear although positive results have been found with a range of different interval lengths from 30 seconds up to 3-4

Since the ATP vitality utilized by your muscles is produced with the guide of oxygen, it takes after that an expansion in exercise force will bring about an increment in muscular oxygen requests. Accordingly, more intense exercise relates to an expanded VO2. This is the reason that you're breathing gets continuously quicker and more profound as your exercise force expands, your body is attempting to give more oxygen to your working muscles with the goal that they can produce enough ATP vitality to keep you

Altitude training is practised by endurance athletes who train for several weeks at high altitude, Over 2,500 metres above sea level, or at intermediate altitudes due to the shortage of suitable altitude training locations. Even at intermediate levels the air still contains approximately 20.9% oxygen, but partial pressure of oxygen is reduced (West J., et al, 1996)

There are many factors that can affect the human body when it comes to exercise. For instance, the risk of hypothermia is very serious for athletes exercising in the cold. Along with this are the risks that come with increased altitude. Exercising and overall health are very much affected by different altitudes. Knowing the risks and warning signs before moving to higher altitude is extremely important to ensure one’s safety. The body also experiences many changes when it comes to reducing or stopping working out all together. These changes are similar in nature to what astronauts experience in space and upon return to earth. All of these topics will be discussed in further detail throughout this paper.

Necessary increase in ventilation to maintain blood gas homeostasis during exercise was compromised in some individuals resulting in a high work of breathing. When these ventilatoy demands exceed the capacity for the lung and chest wall to generate flow and volume, expiratory flow limitation can develop which may result in diaphragm fatigue. Expiratory flow limitation (EFL), is an important physiological phenomenon since it is associated with dynamic hyperinflation, which increases the work of breathing and causes dyspnea and potential exercise

During this lab, various lung volumes and capacities for one subject were calculated for different conditions. These conditions included at rest and during 3 bouts of exercise varying in resistance on a cycle ergometer. Two subjects were supposed to participate in this specific lab, but there were technical difficulties with the computer set up, which only allowed for one individual to complete the entire procedure. The experiment began by having the subject sit down and breathe normally for 3 minutes into the transducer. Then, the participant performed 5 complete breathing cycles and at the end of the last cycle the individual was directed to inhale as deeply as possible followed by an exaggerated exhale. From there, the volumes were measured, including tidal volume (TV), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), expiration reserve volume (ERV) and residual volume (RV). Next, the 3 exercise bouts at 60 repetitions per minute (RPM) occurred. The first exercise bout was at 0 kg followed by another at 2% and one at 5% the subject’s body weight, respectively. Similar to the resting condition, the different volumes were calculated for the 3 exercise bouts. After gathering all of the different values for the volumes, the capacities were calculated by using various equations.

Nineteen male trained cyclists were a part of the study in which they had to cycle on an ergometer on five to seven different occasions during a period of three weeks. There were three stages the athletes had to complete, one being an incremental stage which lasted until voluntary exhaustion. Next was a continual maximal steady state test where they performed two to three, 30 minute continuous submaximal work. The last study consisted of seven repetitions of four minute exercise followed by two minutes of passive recovery then another seven reps of four minutes followed by active recovery. All three tests measure the blood lactate concentrations and VO2 max (Greco & Barbosa,

However, the build up of the lactate acid over their short bursts have a cumulative effect and thus impeding on their performance (Zachrich 2008). By implementing endurance-training styles the blood lactate onset can be delayed – beneficial to performance (Ghosh 2004). Trained individuals can perform at a higher percentage of their maximal capacity without causing blood lactate levels to rise than untrained athletes. These particular individuals train for such a performance and train at high-level intensities to replicate the competition lactate levels and their body produces adaptations combating this, e.g. removing lactate faster. Thus anaerobic threshold is the more effective way to predict endurance performance during those specific times as it is about the maintenance of the high intensities for a longer period of time without fatiguing quickly.

This observation was the same for both the trials at sea level and at 5000 ft. The average difference between the trials was larger at sea level compared to 5000 ft up with values of 13.838 calories per minute (cal/min) and 11.175 cal/min, respectively. 1 shows the values for the final metabolism rates after the full 40 minutes of the trial. Given this information, it can be assumed that partial pressure significantly affects the rate of aerobic metabolism. With higher partial pressures, hyperoxic gas becomes more effective in limiting anaerobic metabolism. This can be assumed based of Figures 3 and 4 that show partial pressures in the arteries are higher at sea level than they are at higher elevations. Figures 1 and 2 show that lactate concentration decreases as higher oxygen content is supplied to the subject. At 5000 ft, the highest lactate concentration was 4.5 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/l) while the highest at sea level was 4.0 mEq/l. The lactate concentrations also decrease as higher oxygen contents are provided. If lactate concentrations are lower, then it can be assumed that the pH of the skeletal muscles will be closer to normal and fatigue will be less of a factor. Since lactate is a product of anaerobic metabolism, it can be assumed that providing hyperoxic gas does decrease anaerobic metabolism. However, the lactate differences are bigger at sea level than at higher altitudes. The average difference at sea level is about 1.0 mEq/l and at 5000 ft the average difference is about 0.6 mEq/l. As oxygen content increases, anaerobic metabolism and lactate concentration decreases. This can be seen in the drops between 21% oxygen, 50% oxygen, and 80% oxygen in Table 1 and Figures 1 and

Hyperoxia is used to test for diffusive limitations in respiratory pathways. If high levels of oxygen does not increase the rate of oxygen use, then non diffusive, convective, or pertusive limits to aerobic capacities are indicated. Studies of exercising humans show that high levels of oxygen do increase the maxim rate of oxygen use. However, no exercising amphibians and reptiles have been studied.

All participants completed an incremental maximal protocol to exhaustion on H/p Cosmos treadmill. The protocol was initiated at 8.5 km.h−1 with increments of 0.5 km.h−1 every minute at a 1% inclination. The oxygen uptake (V˙O2) and carbon dioxide (V˙CO2) production were monitored breath-by-breath using a metabolic cart (Oxycon pro analyzer with Jaeger software).Heart Rate and Rate of Perceived Exertion were monitored throughout the test until

The purpose of the maximal oxygen consumption test is to assess a participant’s aerobic power and fitness. Maximal oxygen is defined as the “single highest oxygen consumption elicited during graded exercise to exhaustion” (Adams, 2014). However, peak oxygen is measured “during a specific test, but it may not truly be the highest or maximal oxygen consumption possible” (Adams, 2014). To simplify, every test will show values for peak oxygen consumption; however every test does not always show a value for maximal oxygen consumption. This could happen if a participant is not able to fully reach the point of exhaustion due to physical pain symptoms or lack of motivation. Maximal oxygen consumption is important to understand aerobic fitness because it utilizes many systems in the body such as pulmonary, muscular, and cardiovascular. According to an article in the Journal of Human Kinetics, “maximal aerobic power is commonly accepted as the best measure of the cardiovascular systems’ functional limits (Rowell, 1974) and has been shown to predict mortality from all causes in healthy (Blair et al., 1989; 1996) and unhealthy individuals (Myers et al., 2002)” (Hamlin et al., 2012). For this lab, the maximal oxygen consumption test used was the Vo2 Max Bruce Protocol test and the equipment used was a Woodway treadmill.

Physical alterations within the cardiopulmonary system begin to be substantial over an altitude of 2500 meters. However, the human body can use both short-term and long-term means to adapt to high altitude, and even beyond that will allow the body to partially compensate or even fully compensate for the lack of oxygen. But, there is also a limit to the level of adaptation and compensation that can take place. Once an altitude of or above 8,000