The Effects Of Transition Metals

The purpose of the experiment is to cycle solid copper through a series of five reactions. At different stages of the cycle, copper was present in different forms. First reaction involves reaction between the copper and nitric acid, and copper changed from elemental state to an aqueous. The second reaction converted the aqueous Cu2+ into the solid copper (2) hydroxide. In the third reaction Cu(OH)2 decomposed into copper 2 oxide and water when heated. When solid CuO reacted with sulfuric acid, the copper returned to solution as an ion (Cu2+). The cycle of reactions was completed with the reaction where elemental copper was regenerated by Zn and Cu

There are trace elements present in the body. These essential minerals are required in only small amounts.

Molecular Cell Biology, 7th Edition, 2013, Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Bretscher. Ploegh, Amon, and Scott. W.H. Freeman and Company (ISBN-13: 978-1-4292-3413-9)

Inherited copper transport disorders are caused by a defect in the gene that decodes for copper-transporting ATPases. This defect interferes with how the human body utilizes copper which is manifested in disorders such as Wilson’s disease, Menkes Disease, and the rare Occipital Horn Syndrome. This article attempts to examine the types of copper transport disorders and focus on the clinical problems in diagnosis and treatments. Even though there are diagnosis methods and treatments for these diseases, there are still issues with the available resources. Readers would be interested in the larger work because early diagnosis and treatment of this disease is critical in managing the disorders.

ATP7A is a protein that aids in the delivery of copper to copper enzymes and the export of excess copper from the cell. Both of these jobs used by this protein are driven by ATP. The defect of the gene in ATP7A inhibits the protein from transporting copper to enzymes located in other tissues, which is why Menkes disease is a multi-systematic disorder, and leads to an abundance of copper in tissues. Tümer states in “Menkes Disease”, “One interesting aspect of distribution of the mutations is that in the copper-binding domains of ATP7A encoded by exons 2–7, no missense mutations are observed.” Even though the disease has shown to affect protein synthesis, stability, catabolic activity and trafficking and localization the defect offers no change to the sections of ATP7A that copper binds to. This information is relatively important in the research that is proceeding in order to find a cure; as it tells us that because it is not a problem with the binding of copper and instead something dealing with one of the mutated factors of the

Copper is a very important trace element to the overall health of many living organisms. For example, humans, Plants, and animals. It is key to the function of organs and metabolic pathways. Copper is also required in enzyme systems that oversee multiple metabolic processes required in the day to day life. In the body enzymes are needed in the cellular movement of cell regulations along with signal transductions.

This gene codes for the enzyme that makes the pigment that gives dragon skin its color.

Chelate means claw in Latin. Metal Chelation is a process when a polyvalent metal ion form covalent bonds with a drug and binds tightly to form a 5 or 6 membered ring. 5 and 6 membered ring structure are very stable because their bond angle has no ring strain. Thus, when a compound is chelated, it will not be able to pass through the biological membrane, in another words, it will not be metabolise by the body but to be pass through the renal without being absorbed and being excreted though urine. Essential metal such as magnesium, iron, calcium and zinc are easily found in many food source and is vital to be included as part of our diet as these trace elements are helping our body enzymes, hormones and cells to work. Insufficient intake of trace minerals can cause symptoms of nutritional deficiency. (Glusker,1999) At certain times, these metal are also use as an active ingredient or excipients in pharmaceutical industry.

In the course of persistent exposure, harmful effects of cadmium on the hepatic and renal are relying on the quantity of the metal in the renal and liver.[29]. The metal often gathers in the hepatic and renal,wherever it obliges the manufacturing of metallothionein an intracellular protein with low-molecular-weight that has an extensive affinity to joining cadmium. The metallothionein shaping a compound with cadmium to decrease the toxic possibility of cadmium. Once the binding capacity of metallothionein becomes saturated, the multiplied level of free cadmium ions begins procedures that may cause mitochondrial swelling and lack of crista as well as on prevention of Na+_ K+_ ATPase . These incidents eventually result in loss of ionic supervising

Zinc coordinates proteins with four different surroundings with different roles: catalytic, co-catalytic, structural and interface. In many proteins Zn2+ ions also serve to correct polypeptide folding. Furthermore, zinc is a cofactor in all six enzyme classes.

The gene encoding the multidrug resistance-associated protein 1, ABCC1/MRP1, is a candidate for further molecular investigation based on its structural and functional association with CFTR, [7]. ABCC1, as well as CFTR (ABCC7) and 11 other genes associated with multidrug resistance, are subfamily C members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter genes [8]. The diverse activities of subfamily C transporters include transportation of chemotherapeutic agents, amino acids, glutathione conjugates, and small peptides, as well as excretion of fungal and bacteria toxins [8-10]. CFTR is unique among the ABC subfamily C members of transporters due to its intrinsic ability to conduct chloride ions at a fast rate [10,11]; but shares its closest homology with ABCC1 [12,13].

Zinc is the 24th most abundant element in the earth’s crust, it is a metallic chemical element which has “exceptional biological importance” (Bonaventura et al., 2015). Zn is involved in numerous aspects of cellular metabolism such as: protein synthesis, cellular respiration, wound healing, DNA synthesis, cell division, and immune function (Bonaventura et al., 2015). For as many essential functions Zn is necessary for it also has the potential to interact with at least as many biological functions to induce adverse effects (Maret and Sandstead, 2006). For these reasons Zn deficiency and toxicity is linked to a number of diseases and particularly immune diseases affecting both the innate and adaptive immune systems (Bonaventura et al., 2015, Maares and Haase, 2016).Therefore, a disruption in Zn homeostasis can lead to compromised host defense and an increased risk of excessive inflammation (Maares and Haase, 2016).

There are two forms of CGRP found, one is alfa CGRP and other is beta CGRP. Alfa CGRP contrast only by 3 amino acids but share related homology. (3,4,5 ) Alfa CGRP is the main form and is present in the CNS and PNS while Beta CGRP is mainly present in enteric nervous system.(6,7) They are synthesizes from genes at different location on chromosome number 11. (8) The CALC1

Nickel is a common metal used to produce alloys for jewelry, yet nickel allergy is prevalent, affecting approximately 30% of the population (Rothenberg). For those with the allergy, nickel causes an immunological hypersensitivity response on the area of contact, resulting in symptoms of dermatitis. Although, nickel is not a classic allergen, as it doesn’t cause the body to produce excess antibodies (IgE) that prompt cellular production of chemicals inducing the reaction. Instead, studies show that nickel itself can act as a stimulator of the cells, activating the expression of dendritic (immune system signaling cells in the skin) and endothelial cells (blood vessel walls). Nickel is an inorganic activator of the receptors in these cells and has been shown to bridge connection between receptors. That, when activated, release intracellular signals prompting the production of inflammatory cytokines (signaling molecules) activating immune responses (Rothenberg). The body reacts to the produced chemicals with inflammation, redness, and swelling. Nickel is most common among the heavy metals for eliciting this reaction, therefore, alternative hypoallergenic metals exist which retain the properties necessary to replace nickel.

Figure 3 show amino acid sequencing and structural modeling of the metalloprotease flagellin family. Figure 3a is an assay for amino acid sequencing analysis. 86 flagellin sequences from 74 species were analyzed by multiple sequence alignment. Three sections within the alignment are highlighted to indicate the functional motifs of the hypervariable region for metalloprotease. Figure 3b shows sequence logos for the functional motifs, which is comprised of the putative Ca++ ion binding site, the zinc-binding HExxH motif, and the third zinc-binding residue, which are the three highlighted sections in figure 3a. Sequence logos show the frequency of an amino acid. The x-axis refers to the position of the amino acid within the peptide, while the y-axis refers to the size or frequency of the amino acid, measured in bits. The