The Effects Of Uv Light Protection On The Microbial Populations Essay

PCR is the amplification of DNA by denaturing, annealing, and extension of a DNA template. Specific sequences can be amplified using single-stranded DNA that complements the target sequences known as primers. This process heats DNA until the strands separate, then primers bind to the target regions. DNA polymerase enzymes and single base nucleotides (dNTPs) are used to synthesize new strands of DNA to the target sequence. The end product will contain large quantities of the target sequence (Bean et al. 2015). The most notable in phylogenic studies is the 16S rRNA gene, because of it’s highly conserved primer-binding site and hyper variable regions that provide species-specific sequences within bacteria and archaea (Kolbert and Persin 1999). This gene is a component of the 30S small subunit of prokaryotic ribosome’s and serves as the primary site of protein synthesis. (Woese and Fox 1977). The 16S rRNA sequence can be amplified and matched to national databases provided by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) using software termed Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) to find regions of similarity between biological sequences for bacterial identification. Thus, providing a cost effective and timely method when compared to biochemical

Microbes are bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. The earth was formed 4.6 million years ago. And a few million years later, by 3.5 billion years ago, earth was already inhabited by a diversity of organisms. The earliest organism is Prokaryotes and within the next billion years, two distinct groups of prokaryotes called bacteria and archaea diverged. Eukaryotes cell evolved from a prokaryotes community, a host cell containing even smaller prokaryotes .The microbial world accounted for all known life forms for nearly 50 to 90% of Earth's history. We are still researching microbial organisms today in marine environment, extreme environments. A microbial observatory is an NSF-funded project dedicated to the discovery and characterization of novel microorganisms and microbial communities of diverse

The 16S rRNA gene sequences amplified from cranberry bogs resolved into 49 bacterial phyla. The overall bacterial composition of the different samples was similar, particularly among the six most highly-represented groups (Fig. 1). Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Verrucomicrobia were the most dominant phyla (relative abundance > 5 %) in every sample, together accounting for about 78 % of the bacterial sequences in the soils examined. The Actinobacteria and Chloroflexi were also major constituents of each sample site. Cyanobacteria, Armatimonadetes, Planctomycetes, Chlamydia, FCPU426, Firmicutes, Nitrospirae, Chlorobi, and Spirochaetes were represented in all of the samples at lower frequencies, and seven other minor

UV radiation, such as that from the sun can be very harmful. It has been shown to cause many different mutations within cells, leading to issues for the organism such as death or disease. One of the most prevalent sources of UV radiation for humans is the sun. It’s very important for us to know the extent of cellular damage that can be caused by this radiation, as to know how harmful the sun’s rays are to us as humans. One way that the damage caused by the suns radiation can be tested is through the model organism yeast. For this lab, we exposed two different strains of yeast to UV radiation to test its affects. One strain was able to self-repair, while one was genetically altered so that it could not. Observations were recorded at

The purpose of this study is to identify four unknown organisms. The unknown organisms have been assigned randomly to six-research groups by Professor Hoffman. Each research group was provided two eukaryotes and two prokaryotes. The unknown organisms will fall into the following classifications: bacteria, algae, fungi, or protozoans. All living organisms are organized into one of three domains of life, Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

There are many bacteria that do not go through cellular respiration; there are also some that do. These tiny organisms live in every habitat, including the air we breathe. Prokaryotes are grouped according to their need for oxygen. Obligate anaerobes are prokaryotes that cannot live in the presence of oxygen. In fact, exposure to oxygen for even a short length of time will kill these prokaryotes. They produce methane and are found at the bottom of lakes, in marshy areas, and in the digestive tracts of herbivores and omnivores. Bacteroides are a species of obligate anaerobic bacteria that live in mammalian intestines and help break down lipids and proteins into their smaller subunits, monomers. Clostridium difficile bacteria are often found

In order for growth to occur microorganisms need to obtain energy. One of those ways is by either the use of oxygen or not using oxygen. Microorganisms that require oxygen are obligate aerobes. It is essential for

Figure 2. Sample of bacteria from figure 1 was incubated on a Ormerod’s agar plate in a gas pack for 2.5 weeks to isolate phototrophic bacteria. The isolated colonies seen in this figure, are called Rhodospirillaceae and they are why the colonies are a bright red color. The Rhodospirillaceae use the red pigment to harvest light energy.

This research paper is a primary research paper because the paper indicates that a study was done by several biologist and scientist on the microbial community in the Rhizosphere. Therefore, all the research, answers, and conclusion they all concluded based on their study was explained throughout this paper based on all the information they gathered. Also, the authors explain the process and methods they used to carry out and conduct this research on the microbial communities. I came down to this conclusion by understanding what they wrote is backed up by evidence by explaining the procedure they carried out to study these microbial communities.

The identification of bacteria is a fundamental objective of microbiologists. It is essential to distinguish specific bacterial properties to understand the environment, physiology and disease. As new bacterial species emerge and existing ones evolve into different strains, it is imperative that microbiologists continue to isolate bacteria from the field, identify their findings and research newly discovered forms. Their discoveries can then be used to evaluate the types of microbial life that may be found in certain environments and the corresponding benefits or risks to those that dwell in those areas.

The sun is a source of UV light that is very hard for most people to escape. It affects our cells in various ways and sometimes causes cell death. In this experiment, to inspect the damage done by UV irradiation on the genetic composition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae also known as common Baker’s yeast. The strains of this yeast used were the cells that were mutated and the TRP1 gene was inactive. In this strain, the cells would not be able to produce tryptophan, which they need in order to grow. Phenotypic reversion of this gene was examined by first spreading the cells on SD medium without tryptophan and a complete SC medium with tryptophan. The yeast on the SC medium while they SD mostly died on the plate. However, in part two of the experiment whenever these plates were exposed to UV light the TRP1 gene was reactivated and growth occurred. On the SC plates as time went on there were less colonies formed. In turn, on the SD plates the pattern of growth followed a bell shaped curve; there were more colonies after the plate was exposed to half the time maximum time then when the plate was exposed to the maximum time. These results indicate that mutagenesis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae did in fact occur.

For instance, the biggest challenge is likely to be the degradation of our health. As the Earth is now, we still suffer health problems caused by the UV radiation that enters our biosphere right now, before ozone is depleted even more so. The biggest health issue caused by UV radiation is cancer of the skin. Whilst exposure to UV radiation will often allow you to tan, it can be very dangerous because there is a very thin line between exposure and over-exposure and this is where the idea of skin cancer comes from. Exposure to UVB radiation means that it will enter just the top layers of your skin and give you a nice brown tan. However, if you spend too long under the UVB radiation’s source, most commonly the Sun, it will penetrate into your

Such processes also release more carbon dioxide, which helps explain why the air in the cave has about 100 times more CO2 than outside air. This in turn provides the bacteria with all the carbon they need to keep thriving.

In the United States, the fourth most leading cause of death are hospital-acquired infections. Furthermore, it is estimated that greater than 65 percent of all bacterial infections are associated with biofilms. A greater understanding of biofilms is essential if we are to find effective methods to combat their formation in order to promote public health. Unfortunately, with bacteria in space behaving widely different than on Earth, this can cause a huge problem when it comes to health in space. First of all, biofilms could contaminate and bio-deteriorate the space habitats, the health of the crew, and the function of waste recycling or food production systems in extremely different ways then handled before on Earth. All of these issues would

The effect of environmental factors such as temperature, osmotic pressure, oxygen concentration and pH on microbial growth and survival