Transformative Constitutionalism

When looking at the racial system of apartheid in South Africa, the question of music must be discussed. The central debate among musicologists and ethnomusicologists is whether the music from black south Africans during this time was a result of the resistance movement against apartheid. The other side of the argument is that the music of this time and place catalyzed the movement itself and without an outlet like music the resistance would not have occurred. I believe that the music is a representation of what people experience and gives voice to how people feel already. Music is a product of society and shows the heart and direction of a group of people. In this essay, I will examine what the background of apartheid and the significant

During the period of Apartheid in South Africa between 1948 and 1994 the reactions of the South African citizens towards the legal separation of races varied depending on race, ideals and time period. After gold and diamonds were fud inSouthAfrica both the dutch and British wanted the land to themselves, leading to the Boer War from which the Dutch farmers emerged victorious. Following the Boer War and the creation of the Union of South Africa in 1910, the Dutch Boers gained control over the majority of the land in the previously British Cape Colony along with the settlements they had already built, the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. Blacks in South Africa made up about eighty percent of the population but only lived on ten percent of

The South African Apartheid, instituted in 1948 by the country’s Afrikaner National Party, was legalized segregation on the basis of race, and is a system comparable to the segregation of African Americans in the United States. Non-whites - including blacks, Indians, and people of color in general- were prohibited from engaging in any activities specific to whites and prohibited from engaging in interracial marriages, receiving higher education, and obtaining certain jobs. The National Party’s classification of “race” was loosely based on physical appearance and lineage. White individuals were superficially defined as being “obviously white'' on the basis of their “habits, education and speech as well as deportment and demeanor”; an

We commence by examining South-African apartheid and its historical and theoretical context. Apartheid was a system of racial segregation used in the overtly racist regime in South Africa from 1948 to 1991. It was based on laws that banned “marriage and sexual relations between different “population groups” and requir[ed] separate residential areas for people of mixed race (“Coloreds”), as well as for Africans” (Fredrickson 3). These laws were based on the same obsession with “race purity” that characterized other racist regimes, most notably Jim Crow America and Nazi Germany. The system was justified in terms of “cultural essentialism” and “seperate development”. Cultural essentialism means that each culture has inherent features that differentiate the members of this cultural group from others. The concept of separate development

The avowal that the apartheid ‘vision for democracy’ necessitated state terror and repression is evident when examining the South African apartheid system between 1960 -1994. The system of apartheid spiked significant internal resistance, hence, the ideology for apartheid stems from the creation of a white state surrounded by economically interdependent and politically dependent black states, which required state terror and repression to ensure mounting resistance and international condemnation did not abolish the apartheid system. The government responded to a series of popular uprisings and protests with police brutality, which increased support for armed resistance. Detentions were set without trial, torture, censorship and the outlawing of political oppositional organizations such as The African National Congress, the Black Conscious Movement, the Azanian Peoples Organisation, The Pan Africanist Congress and the United Democratic Front, were all a result of the apartheid government due to political resistance.

Racial oppression and ethnic prejudice made the South Africa in unrest in the past. In 1948, South Africa implemented the Apartheid to separate black community and white community, and this behavior affected South Africa for a long time. Apartheid made this country suffered the racial oppression for a half-century; therefore, between the black community and white community is filled with oppression, discriminate, hostility and carnage. Although this is an unforgettable memory for the South Africa, luckily, they have Nelson Mandela, who is a great people for this country, and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to help them rebuild their country. At the time of transition to democracy, Desmond Tutu as a leader of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, he used his intelligence and spirit to consider a third way to heal the past, but not punish the atrocities. Desmond Tutu didn't choose the Nuremberg trails and national amnesia. Instead, he considered a third way to take place of these two extreme courses of action. In my opinion, it is

As Gandhi has said about corrupt government “You assist an evil system most effectively by obeying its orders and decrees”. In 1948 in South African elections put white supremacy in place which allowed them to segregate blacks from whites in South Africa. Over the course of the rule of supremacists, the South African blacks were treated worse and worse. Eventually, the people resorted to using protests, peace marches, hunger strikes, boycotting, and other tactics to show their civil unrest to the white supremacist government. The people of South Africa would have been supporting the evil of white supremacy and racism by not protesting its rule with civil disobedience.

In the early 19th century South Africa is marked by the advance of the Nguni empire under the leader Shaka. A lot of the minorities in this part of Africa felt economic and political effects because of the Europeans, who were interested in agriculture, that were taking over. There was also a lot of effects from the Afrikaners south Africa had to wait until 1994 to get their rights back.

Many of the contemporary issues in South Africa can easily be associated with the apartheid laws which devastated the country. The people of South Africa struggle day by day to reverse “the most cruel, yet well-crafted,” horrific tactic “of social engineering.” The concept behind apartheid emerged in 1948 when the nationalist party took over government, and the all-white government enforced “racial segregation under a system of legislation” . The central issues stem from 50 years of apartheid include poverty, income inequality, land ownership rates and many other long term affects that still plague the brunt of the South African population while the small white minority still enjoy much of the wealth, most of the land and opportunities

In the seventeenth century, South Africa was colonized by Dutch and British imperialists. In response to British domination, Dutch settlers made two colonies: The Republic of the Orange Free State and Transvaal. Dutch descendants became known as “Afrikaners” or “Boers.” In the early 1900s, Boers discovered diamonds on their land. This led to a Britain invasion and sparked the Second Boer War, which lasted three years. This was the first modern war to see concentration camps; they were used successfully to break the will of Afrikaner guerilla forces by detaining their families. British forces won the war, converting the two Boer states into colonies who were promised limited self-governance. Post-Boer War, the

Colonial inheritance has had a serious effect on all Africans lives and has irreversibly changed the continent and its people forever. The impact of apartheid is evident when analyzing Mxolisi and Nelson Mandela’s lives. Both men were exposed to similar oppressive environments as they lived in South Africa during apartheid, though their stories show generational differences. Mandela was an activist early in the apartheid regime and then spent a significant period of his life in jail until the end of the regime as he took part in reassessment of apartheid and negotiations. Mxolisi was born and raised during Apartheid and much of his experiences growing up took place while Mandela was in jail. These two men were both victims of colonial inheritance and apartheid, which lead them to extreme measures as they acted in protest of an oppressive government with the hope that they might gain back power, rights, and freedom for themselves and the South African people.

During the year of 1948, the lives of south Africans changed forever. The National Party, which was an all-white government, gained power and created hell for non-white citizens, their goal was to have white people continue to dominate the country and to keep each race separated from each other; even though at the time whites were only 20% of the population. The apartheid, which literally means “apartness” lasted until 1991, and during this time many acts were passed. One being that “non-white Africans were forced to live in separate areas from whites, and use public facilities separately. Contact between groups was limited.” (History.com) As for woman specifically, since they are “regarded as dependents and are inferior to men…” (anc.org) they were even further discriminated against during the apartheid. In rural areas, specifically, a woman’s workload increased dramatically as they tried to produce enough food off the land to feed their families. Many men were absent from their rural homes due to being a migrant laborer, which were poorly paid. The combined workload of caring for a family, the land, and themselves all alone, is the direct result of apartheid laws. When the apartheid ended, the hardships still effected everyone’s lives, and not in a good way.

This research essay is about how the South African Government denied the non – white population the same human rights as the white population during the period of Apartheid law from 1948 to 1994. Apartheid, which is an Afrikaans word meaning ‘apartness’, was a social and political system of white minority government in South Africa. During apartheid, the rights of black South Africans were denied under the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights Articles. The apartheid laws that were introduced by the government contradicted many of the UN Declaration of Human Rights articles, especially Articles 3, 5 and 6.

The great Nelson Mandela once said “When a man is denied the right to live the life he believes in, he has no choice but to become an outlaw.” (Long Walk to Freedom, 1995) Apartheid means separation. Apartheid destroy lives and apartheid separate blacks and coloured from the rest of the world. P.W. Botha stated in the mid-1980’s “Simple justice suggests that you must allow a black man with his family to live a healthy, decent life and you must provide work, where possible, for him, and not allow him to squat on your doorstep… and then, in the name of Christianity, say now that you’ve done your duty towards him? I strongly disagree with this foolish statement stated by P.W. Botha as he actions were outrageously misguided towards the coloured South Africans, as his alienating and prejudiced intentions extended segregation under apartheid institution. It can be hypothesised that the Apartheid institutional racism of South Africa between 1948 to 1994 was designed to neglect coloured society as inferior that resulted in political corruption, social discrimination and economic distress as for the intentions of achieving great benefits for the white minority.

Oppression is at the root of many of the most serious, enduring conflicts in the world today. Racial and religious conflicts; conflicts between dictatorial governments and their citizens; the battle between the sexes; conflicts between management and labor; and conflicts between heterosexuals and homosexuals all stem, in whole or in part, to oppression. It’s similar to an article in south africa that people have with racial segregation between black and white . Many people need to know that indiviual have their own rights in laws and freedom . Everyone should have an equal rights and better community . A black person would be of or accepted as a member of an African tribe or race, and a colored person is one that is not black or white. The Department of Home Affairs (a government bureau) was responsible for the classification of the citizenry. Non-compliance with the race laws were dealt with harshly. All blacks were required to carry ``pass books ' ' containing fingerprints, photo and information on access to non-black areas. The apartheid in South Africa which was in effect from 1948 until 1994 was not only a racist policy which greatly affected the quality of life of minorities in the country for the worse but was a outright crime against humanity. It include with civil right that violence verses non-violence that the government could or