The Emergence Of Human Immunodeficiency Virus

With the focus on these five areas, Governments in each country are creating health systems that aim to provide services that are affordable, equitable and accessible. To achieve a sustainable health system, cooperation and participation of all health care providers is vital. This will work towards WHO’s goal of achieving “better health for all”

There are an immense amount of problems in Africa caused by the AIDS disease. Healthcare providers are available and located all over Africa. Even though they are available, they have only “enough medicine for long-term survival available for 30,000 Africans” (Copson, 3).

Health care systems are organizations that are formed to meet the overall health needs of the population. Health care is regarded as one of the leading cause in promoting not only physical and mental health but the well-being of the population. Legislation is implemented requiring government to offer services to all members of its society. The role of health services and the organizations that provide aid is to focus on the health of an individual and to uphold their human rights. According to WHO (2013), a “well-functioning health care system requires a robust financing mechanism, a well-trained and adequately-paid workforce, reliable information on which to base decisions and policies, and well maintained facilities and logistics to deliver quality medicines and technologies (World Health Organization; 2013).

According to the World Health Organization, a health system is 'all relating activities whose primary purpose is to promote, maintain and aid the health and wellbeing of people ' (WHO 2013b). Furthermore, good health systems deliver quality services to all people within the country, when and where it’s needed.

Since the discovery of the HIV virus in 1983, there have been many precautions taken to control and prevent the spreading of this deadly disease. Helen Epstein, who is the author of “AIDS Inc,” informs her readers about the sexually transmitted disease known as the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Epstein enlightens her audience with crucial information in regards to the ruthless disease that is devouring the lives of innocent people, typically in Africa, where people are especially prone to acquiring AIDS. South Africa, having one of the highest amounts of rape crimes in the world, is also home to the highest amount of people living with HIV in the world, at about

Across the world, health systems differ affectedly in structure, organization, human resource capacity, financing, and service delivery, . Though the demographic, and disease profile of high income, middle income, and low income countries are converging, difference remain. However, every health system still has some common inherent, underlying components and functions. As nations attempt to reform their systems to improve health come, reduce financial risk, and improve access to care. The World Health Organization (who) 2000 World Health, Report Health systems: Improving performance, defines a health system as “all activities that primary purpose is to promote, restore, or maintain health.”

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus, also known as HIV, was discovered by Dr. Robert Gallo and Dr. Luc Montagnier. HIV had its first known case in a human in the year 1959. Though, its first known case in the United States was in 1981 when the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, known as the CDC, reported five homosexual men in Los Angeles, California with Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia, a rare form of pneumonia. These findings were published in CDC 'S Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, or MMWR, which is read by physicians around the world. Soon after, The New York Times reported that 41 homosexual men had been diagnosed with a rare cancer called Kaposi 's Sarcoma. Since this disease was only spreading amongst gay men at the time,

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), over 50% of youth with HIV in the United States do not know they are infected. (www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/age/youth). Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a pandemic burden that has inundated the world for decades. Evident populaces persist more vulnerable than others. The control of this potentially lethal virus is possible nonetheless; early detection through screening and adequate treatment is needed to stop the blowout.

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus, also known as HIV, comes with a long line of history and theories. One of the most common theories of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus is the hunter theory. The hunter theory explains the belief that the HIV virus came from chimpanzees. It is believed that the virus came from infected chimps being hunted and killed. It expresses that the virus was spread through then eating the meat of the infected chimp meat or by getting the blood of the infected chimp into wounds or cuts. The theory states that the original virus found in these chimps known as the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV), mutated when it got in contact with the human body and evolved to the HIV virus we know today. Another common theory is the contaminated needle theory which states that African healthcare workers were giving different sorts of vaccinations with the same needle. It was believed to have spread through one of the patients given a vaccination with HIV which was then spread to many others with the use of the same needle.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been a major public health issue in the African-American community of the United States since the 1980s (Shisana et al., 2014). The documentary “ENDGAME: AIDS in Black America” shows the widespread nature of HIV in the black community. According to Renata Simone, producer of the documentary, “African Americans make up about 12 percent of the nation’s population, but account for almost half of all people infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.” The documentary features personal stories and interviews with those who are infected with HIV. Simone attributed the spread of HIV/AIDS in the black community to unprotected sexual activity, drugs, tainted blood transfusions, prostitution, and the stigma surrounding the disease.

At the end of 2011, an estimated 1.2 million people aged 13 and older were living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the United States, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated that approximately 50,000 people are newly infected with HIV each year (CDC, 2013). Fortunately, after more than 30 years of research on HIV, much progress has been made in fighting this disease. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) transformed what was once a death sentence into a manageable disease for individuals with drug-susceptible viral strains, who have access to antiretroviral drugs, and are compliant with their prescribed therapy. ART not only prolongs life, but also dramatically reduces the rate of HIV transmission (Deeks et al., 2012). Unfortunately, substantial challenges exist to maintain access to and funding for lifelong ART (Dolin et al., 2009; HRSA, 2012; Lewin, 2013), standard therapies do not fully restore health or a normal immune system in HIV-infected individuals, and patients still experience comorbidities, such as increased cardiovascular diseases, bone disorders, and cognitive impairment (Deeks et al., 2012; Hsue et al., 2012; Phillips et al., 2008). It is possible that these HIV-associated complications are due to the toxic effects of treatment or the consequences of persistent inflammation and immune dysfunction (Katlama et al., 2013). Therefore, the International AIDS Society (IAS) convened a team of more than 40 scientists

In the early 1970’s, scientists in Japan and the United States began to study animal retroviruses to gain further knowledge about viruses that caused leukemia. Although animal retroviruses existed in non-human primates, it was believed that human retroviruses did not exist. However, after the T-cell lymphtropic virus was isolated from a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, the human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus (HTLV) became the first human retrovirus discovered and marked the beginning of scientific milestones.

There are many different theories about how humans acquired Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), but the CDC and WHO agree that it was likely passed from a chimp to a human in the 1930s or 1940s while the humans were hunting. The humans became exposed to chimpanzee blood during slaughter and the blood contained Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV). SIV doesn’t infect humans and HIV doesn’t infect chimpanzees, but it is thought that eventually SIV adapted to HIV in humans. (I Know HIV, 2010)

Human Immunodeficiency Virus has become one of the world’s most serious health challenges. Human Immunodeficiency Virus can be defined as an epidemic and is one of the leading causes of death for women of reproductive age worldwide. Each year there are more women affected with HIV and many of those women are bearing children. As of 2012, three world renown AIDS organizations have published a global statistics of HIV and AIDS epidemic estimating that at least 34 million people have been affected by HIV and of the 34 million, 3.8 million are children living with HIV. UNAIDS, WHO, and UNICEF are the three organizations that have come together to send aide and awareness to HIV-positive women and their children throughout the world known as

Along these lines, most importantly, Hawa’s story displays the inability of African societies to target “key populations” of the HIV epidemic due to social stigmas. Being in the margins of society, prostitutions, male and female, are not frequently targeted by HIV prevention campaigns. Part of the reason for this lack of preventative care come from the stigmatization of their behavior, shown through its illegality. The problem is then exacerbated because women or men are unable to ask the police for assistance. Policemen abuse their position of power to exploit women or men’s sexually in return for the dismal of their law violation. Police actions further reinforce the idea of sex being a forefront of relationships for Africans, in order to negotiation and manage relationships. Once women feel comfortable they are willing to learn about HIV and how to prevent their personal contraction, “It’s not that the women didn’t want help — it was a matter of who to trust.” Stigmatization is thus proven because without the fear of society, women truly desire help and assistance. Therefore, when a group of individual’s behavior is stigmatized the are more unlikely to seek out treatment, leaving those groups fully unprotected against the disease. Since Africans that partake in sexual relationships with those in the margins of society also keep their actions secret in fear of societal disapproval the effects are disastrous in terms of HIV contraction. Men unwilling to express their