The Empirical Methods And Results

New York City has unique benefits in that there are tremendous amounts of people who live within close proximity to each other. This has resulted in higher uses of mass transit systems (such as: subways and buses). On average, New York’s total environmental footprint is 7.1 metrics tons per person annually. This is much lower than national average of 24.5 metric tons. The city contributes 1% of the total amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere for the United States each year. (“Inventory Greenhouse of New York City,” 2007) (Jarvey, 2006)

In this paper, I will be outlining the costs and benefits of social and technological fixes, and then I will be assessing the use of social and technological fixes of air pollution through the use of automobiles.

When you are doing the displacement method there can be an error on how much volume of water you accurately pour in.

The effect of the built environment on transportation and travel behavior is confirmed by more than 200 empirical studies. This literature is summarized in recent reviews by Cao et al. (2009), Heath et al. (2006), Pont et al. (2009), Graham-Rowe et al. (2011), and Salon et al. (2012), and in meta-analyses by Leck (2006) and Ewing and Cervero (2010). If sprawl has any consistently recognized outcome, it is automobile dependence. I would expect to find that, after controlling for other relevant influences, compact urbanized areas have relatively high transit and walking commute mode shares and short drive times to

Apart from during the construction of the tunnel, the local air quality is expected to improve, as the ventilation stacks are to have an insignificant effect on the air quality as they are being built high enough so that any pollutants are pumped high into the atmosphere. Also, the air quality modelling that has been carried out (figure 4.1) has shown that the human made particulate matter (PM 2.5) is to have a 38% reduction with the NorthConnex Tunnel, in 24 hour average concentrations, by 2029 as shown in the graph below. When the NorthConnex tunnel is in use, there will be a reduction in the exhaust emissions and the fuel usage in the area, as there will be higher average travel speeds than on Pennant Hills Road, a more flat and level road road, and there will be no need to stop and start at traffic lights like the current

You are given a small piece of gold to analyze. Using the Archimedes Principle you find that the volume is 0.40 cm3 and the mass is 6.0 g. What conclusions can you reach from your simple density analysis?

Having an analysis by the level of pollution, the Long Lane records a dramatic increase,

The discussion topic this week is to apply the scientific method to daily life. According to our reading, to apply the scientific method is to: observe, hypothesize, experiment, collect and analyze data, and communicate (Ireland, 2012., p.26). A scenario that strikes me, is when an iPhone shuts off before reaching one percent. As a person that has had nothing but iPhones I have experienced a few times. In order to fix this, we can apply the scientific method. The first step is to observe the problem at hand; Why is my phone dying before reaching one percent. Next is to create a hypothesis; How do I get the phone to one percent? After creating a hypothesis, we then experiment with the solutions. The goal is to get the phone to one percent, in order to do that it is important to run the phone until is dies. If it dies before reaching one percent, you are to lug the phone in until it comes back on. After coming back on, run the phone until it dies again; if

When starting an experiment, researchers use the scientific method to find what they are looking for. The Scientific method is the process of establishing and answering questions from controlled techniques, observation, and data that is collected. The scientific method consists three step establish the questions, next form a hypothesis and then test out the idea. The first step in the scientific method is to identify the main question you want to answer. Then in the second step, the question is used to form ideas that can be tested. The final step is the hypothesis is executed, data get collected, and then the data is analyzed.

In 1970, around 5 millions commuter travelled by car to work daily, while around 4 millions worker used the bus and approximate 2 millions commuter used the train. In the 2000, the number of commuter travelled by car reached around 7 millions, by train reached 3 millions, while there was a small drop approximately 0.5 millions in the number of bus users.

From the graph, I can clearly see the disciplinarian of the number of people at a London underground station. At 6am the station had 100 people then it had a big increase to the 8 am. Maybe because the rush hour in the morning. It was two times of the 7am and had 400 people. At 9am there is a fall and not many people went there and about 300 people then there was also a sharp fall to less than 200 people. And the same thing happened after 8pm. It declined a lot to 120 and 180 people at 9pm and 10pm respectively. It also has a rush hour to go home. And at the time of lunch, about 12am to 14pm, there has a period of stability of this time. And the number always around 300 people at a London underground station. Around 20pm and 22pm, it showed

However, this does not address the endogeneity between population-employment and transportation location. In other words, new subway stations can also be endogenous to employment and population location. Recent studies have emphasized that transportation network affects growth in population and employment, and locations of population and employment also influence location of transportation system (Baum-Snow, 2007; Duranton and Turner, 2012; and Garcia-Lopez, 2012).

Hence, the CO2 emission reduction due to high speed rail cannot be legitimately included as an element of a rational strategy for reducing GHG emissions. Considering the untenable traffic impact projections, California High Speed Rail Authority’s claims are considered specious. To attain more liability to the claims of the authority, an independent assessment of HSR’s CO2 impacts should be made, including both operations and construction. The critics state that the California High Speed Rail Authority should stop making any statements about CO2 or other air quality impacts until such an

For example, suggestions for improving the M5 tunnel include adding a filtration system in order to compensate for an insufficient ventilation system (9). In 2010, the NSW launched an 18 month trial in order to test the effectiveness of a filtration system to reduce the nitrogen dioxide and small particulate matter levels as well as the haze within the tunnel. The results showed that filtration systems are not yet optimized and more research needs to be conducted to make filtration cost effective. However, disregarding cost, filtering the air is a feasible improvement once the technology is optimized (8). The benefits of filtered air most directly affect the residents of the Wolli Valley for the M5 tunnel, where most of the pollution settles. Reducing the pollution could increase health, property values, and even the overall air quality of Sydney. Adding a filtration system would not just benefit the M5 Tunnel, but those same benefits could also be translated to the Holland

The title of the figure is satisfactory; however, there remains opportunities for enhancing the title in its ability to succinctly describe the associated data. It fails to specify the parameters of the dependent variable, greenhouse gas emissions. The audience is left to speculate what data concerning greenhouse gas emissions will be displayed. Moreover, it should mention that the included methods of commuting will be ones prominently used in British Columbia. Rather, it should state “The amount of greenhouse gas