The Endocrine Part Of The Pancreas

The hormone which is made by the pancreas is said to be insulin that permits the body to utilize sugar from carbohydrates and its maintain energy for future use. Insulin mainly helps to maintain the sugar level in blood from getting high to low. The cells in the body require energy which can get from sugar and it cannot go directly into the cells. After eating the food, blood sugar level increases that time the cells in the pancreas will give signal to release insulin in the blood stream. Insulin after attaches to and the cell in signal will absorb sugar in the bloodstream. Insulin is termed as key which open the cell to allow the sugar into the cell and it can be used for energy.

Insulin causes cells in the liver, skeletal muscles, and fat tissue to absorb glucose from the blood.

As your blood sugar level drops, so does the secretion of insulin from your pancreas.

The organs involved include the liver, muscle, fat cells, liver, alpha and beta cells of the pancreas, GI tract, kidney, and brain. While the liver and muscle ideally increase glucose uptake in the fed state when insulin levels are high, with type 2 diabetes this is impaired. To further exacerbate the hyperglycemic condition, the liver not only fails to properly exhibit glucose uptake, but it actually over produces more glucose and thereby creates a cycle of glucose accumulation and further production. While this is occurring in the muscle and liver, fat cells have accelerated lipolysis. The lipolysis results in an increase in plasma free fatty acids (FFAs), which then in-turn impairs both first and second phase insulin secretion and can lead to excess fat deposition in the liver and muscle, contributing further to impaired insulin production. At the GI tract, gastric inhibitory polypeptide becomes resistant and loss of GLP-1 occurs. With impaired GLP-1, insulin resistance is again further enabled and hyperglycemia can become more profound. This occurs because glucagon suppression from the pancreatic alpha cells post meal does not occur as it would under normal circumstances, thereby enabling even more hepatic glucose production. While theories are not completely conclusive, insulin resistance in the hypothalamus may contribute to excess intake thereby contributing to additional glucose in the circulation. Finally, the kidney also plays a role in glucose dysregulation as it increases glucose reabsorption. All of these discussed mechanisms ultimately contribute to hyperglycemia and chronic hyperglycemia itself contributes to impaired beta cell function (DeFronzo,

When there is an increase in blood glucose, the beta cells detect this change and respond instantly by releasing stored insulin while rapidly producing more, vice-versa when low blood sugar levels are detected. When blood glucose levels decrease, the alpha cells also detect this change and also respond by instantly releasing glucagon and rapidly producing more of the hormone. The adrenal gland secretes a number of hormones that regulate a balance between the process of blood glucose that enters and leaves the blood which maintains a stable blood glucose level. One of these hormones is epinephrine, also known as adrenaline is secreted by the medulla of the adrenal glands. Epinephrine can be released into the bloodstream, resulting in an increase in glucose metabolism. This reaction known as “fight or flight” ultimately prepares the body for intense activity. The effectors of this mechanism is the liver that is referred to on the model, adipose tissue and the skeletal muscles. The diagram shows that the liver both stores glycogen and produces glucose, helping the blood glucose levels to remain constant. It produces glucose by the breakdown of poly saccharide glycogen that is stored in the liver cells. These liver cells

Neurons in the brain play a vital part in glucose metabolism the neurons sense the increase in glucose levels and then tell the pancreas to free insulin

Up regulation of insulin secretion take place in pancreas. Insulin is secreted in reaction to elevated blood concentrations of glucose. Insulin and its signaling systems are involved in both central and peripheral mechanisms of the nervous system, prevailing the ingestion, distribution, metabolism, and storage of nutrients in organisms ranging from animals to humans2. Increasing evidences shows that in the central nervous system, reduced insulin, adds to the pathogenesis of common metabolic disorders, including diabetes and obesity. These deliberations involve insulin

Beta cells are a type of cell found in the pancreatic islets of the pancreas and pose a dominant role in the regulation of normal carbohydrate metabolism. Human pancreases contain nearly one million pancreatic islets that spread throughout the parenchyma of the gland and each islet contains 1000 of cells of which 75% are beta cells[72]. Insulin first synthesized as pro-insulin in the endoplasmic reticulum and then processed into biologically active form inside the secretory granules. Beta cell release insulin in response to glucose. The beta-cell is electrically excitable and uses changes in membrane potential to couple variations in blood glucose to changes in insulin secretion.

The body maintains blood glucose at first, by an increase in insulin levels to lower the blood glucose levels back to its optimum range (4-6mM (milli Moles per Litre) or set point (5mM (milli Moles per Litre) after a meal. The homeostatic system then starts secreting alpha cells in the pancreas to stimulate glucagon to break down stored glycogen and converting it to glucose in the liver to be used. 6 hours after having a meal the cells continues

Normally, the Pancreas controls the body’s blood glucose levels by the secretion of insulin and glucagon. The endocrine part of the pancreas is made up of cells called Islet of Langerhans. The two main parts of the Islet of Langerhans are the Alpha cells, which secrete glucagon and the Beta cells which secrete insulin. After a meal, the blood glucose level will rise, the pancreas reacts to this situation by secreting insulin, which will transport the excess glucose from the blood to target cells and be converted to glycogen which can be stored as a reserve. For this process to be effective, the insulin target cells should be able to accept and react to insulin by the insulin specific receptors. In PCOS, these insulin target cells do not have

Insulin not only functions in lowering blood glucose levels. It also plays a role in protein and fat metabolism, which can cause other conditions and problems besides diabetes if there is an over or under production of the hormone. Insulin regulates blood glucose levels through a negative feedback mechanism. When blood glucose levels rise after eating for example, the insulin in the pancreas may stimulate two places. It can stimulate glycogen formation in the liver, which converts glucose into glycogen, a stored from of glucose. When glucose is stored, this allows the blood glucose to fall to normal range. The other way is that insulin stimulates glucose uptake by tissue cells and allows blood glucose to fall back to normal range. The normal blood glucose level is about 90 mg/ 100ml. Circulating insulin lowers blood glucose levels in three ways. It can enhance membrane e transport of glucose into most body cells, inhibit the catabolic breakdown of glycogen to glucose, or inhibit the conversion of amino acids or fats to glucose. These effects counter any metabolic activity that would increase plasma levels of

The pancreas is an extremely important organ for blood glucose homeostasis. The islets of Langerhan in the pancreas are composed of alpha and beta-cells which secrete hormones to help regulate blood glucose. When glucose levels are elevated the hormone insulin is released from the beta-cells in the pancreas. Insulin has several roles within the body. It stops the production of glucose in the liver, since you do not want more glucose to be added to the already elevated concentration of glucose in the blood (White & Kahn, 1994). It also binds to insulin receptors on the cell membrane of skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells, and adipose cells causing the GLUT4 transport to fuse with the cell membrane (Larance, et al., 2008). This allows

Glucagon stimulates the liver to breakdown glucagon and fixes certain Nan carbohydrates, including amino acid, into glucose. This increases the blood sugar concentration very efficiently. Glucagon secretin prevents hypoglycaemia since happening when glucose concentration is comparatively small (Moini, n.d.). Insulin work in a manner opposite of glucagon, it decrease blood glucose concentration endorses amino acid transport into cells, increase protein synthesis, and stimulates cells to make and store fat. Insulin secret decrease as glucose concentration

Glucose is the main source of energy/one of the body's principal fuel for the cells in our bodies, the glucose cannot directly diffuse into the cells because is too big, it will need to be transported into the cells with the help of insulin which is the hormones produces by the pancreas. The glucose is transported into the cells from the bloodstream. Insulin lowers blood glucose levels and also Glucagon is a hormone that is produced by the pancreas. It's stimulating glucose from amino acid and fatty acids. Both insulin and glucagon have antagonistic effects which help.

When blood-glucose levels rise, there is an increase in soluble glucose molecules in the blood and is detected by the beta cells of the pancreas in the islets of Langerhans of the endocrine tissue. Beta cells respond to hyperglycaemic stimuli by producing a hormone called insulin which stimulates cells, especially adipose and muscle cells, to take up soluble glucose molecules from the blood. Insulin is a short protein consisting of a string of amino acids with a particular shape. Insulin responds to this hyperglycaemic change by converting individual glucose molecules to form polysaccharide molecules called glycogen, which is stored in the liver and muscles and triggering glucose transporter molecules to gate glucose into the cell.[1] This process is called glycogenesis. Beta cells are the only cells in the body that produce insulin that enters the bloodstream straight away. The stored insoluble glycogen causes the amount of glucose present in the bloodstream to decrease and therefore insulin has a hypoglycaemic effect on the body. The mitochondria of cells require glucose to drive cellular processes such as muscle movement, and the glucose metabolized