The Endocrinology Of Male And Female Reproduction

Testosterone is released from the leydig cells and circulates the body. Like estrogen, testosterone can enter the target cell, bypassing the cell membrane and is transported to the nucleus by a carrier protein. Testosterone is also a transcription factor in which testosterone binds to genes and influences the function. Depending on the type of cell, testosterone can be converted into another form before reaching the nucleus. Only about seven percent of circulating testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and less than one percent is converted to estrogen. Testosterone first takes effect in the womb, allowing male reproductive organs to differentiate from female organs. The presence or absence of testosterone determines whether a baby will be male or female. At the onset of maturity, testosterone also signals other cells in the testes to begin production of sperm. Secondary sex characteristics include hair distribution on the face and body, the deepening of the voice as testosterone causes a growth in the larynx, induced male pattern fat distribution, bone growth, increase in sex drive and behavior. The hypothalamus regulates the amount of testosterone circulating the body by releasing follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone (Nieschlag, Behre, and Nieschlag, 2012). Testosterone utilizes a negative feedback loop by acting upon the hypothalamus to inhibit GnRH release and on the pituitary

The SRY gene is a very important aspect in determining the sex of an individual. In fact it is the SRY that specifically could be seen as the powerhouse machine in determining the sex of an individual. The SRY gene commonly called the Sex Determining Region of the Y- chromosome can normally cause the testis to develop rather than an ovary when it is presented in the chromosome. The function of the SRY gene is to provide a set of instructions for making the Sex-Determining region of the Y protein, which can also perform as a transcription factor, binding to specific regions of DNA and aid in the control and regulation of particular genes. Changes

The pituitary is stimulated to release growth hormone (GH) by growth hromone releasing hormone (GHRH) produced in the hypothalamus. It is inhibited from releasing growth hormone by growth hormone release-inhibiting hormone(GHRIH), also produced by the hypothalamus.

In the female reproductive system a hormone known as estrogen is controlled by gonadotropin which is controlled by negative feedback. During negative feedback from the estrogen prevent the anterior pituitary gland

The uterus of the rat that received injections of estrogen was found to weigh more than that of the rat that received injections of saline.

The endocrine system is a group of glands distributed throughout the human body. This group of glands secretes substances called hormones. These hormones are dumping into the bloodstream (Shier, Butler & Lewis, 2009). The endocrine system does not have a single anatomic location. It is dispersed throughout the human body. The final purpose of this process is to control, regulate, and coordinate the functioning of the human body. Some body functions can be activated or inhibited by hormones, which are secreted in very small quantities. The hormone related diseases may be due to hyper secretion, or a hypo secretion. The hormones secreted by the endocrine glands regulate growth, development and function of many tissues, and coordinate the

The male and female primates have different reproductive strategies. The female’s approaches are similar in all the species while those of males differ according to the species that they belong (Bercovitch, 1991). Female primates invest in their offspring in terms of time and energy. They provide food for the infant even if it means competing with other females until the infant can look after itself. At this point, the female can focus on getting another offspring. However, the number of offspring that she will get is limited by the gestation and lactating periods (Winkler, 1988). Males do not contribute in the nurturing of the infant but may protect it from predators to some extent. The number of babies they can have is unlimited since they can mate with as many females as they want.

The Adrenal glands secretes compounds including cortisone and adrenaline which helps you react to emergencies. This gland regulates your metabolic process in the cells and blood pressure. The Pineal gland produces melatonin, which helps regulate reproductive hormones. The Reproductive glands which includes the ovaries and testes, these glands influence blood circulation and determines mental vigor and sex drives. These glands all play major roles which work hand in hand with other body systems constantly.

Successful testicular function depends on the hypothalamus discharge of GNRH, which in turn activates the release of LH and FSH to act on the testes and initiates the synthesis of testicular steroids. Active immunization dysfunction the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis, thereby hindering the function of the Leydig and Sertoli cells and suppress the attainment of the testes maturity and steroid synthesis [Einarsson et al., 2009] and then lower the level testosterone hormones. The total serum testosterone concentrations are decreased, consistence with the treatment group research results obtained in a previous study [Ramzan et al., 2013]. Another previous study [Khan et al., 2008] showed that the serum testosterone levels are reduced in the

Hypothalamic, pituitary, and testicular tissues were collected to quantify mRNA levels using qPCR. Accordingly, KISS1, Kiss1r, and GNRH mRNA levels in the hypothalamus were significantly lower in the treatment group than in the control group (P < 0.05). Immunization with active kisspeptin DNA vaccine suppresses feedback regulation of the gonads in the hypothalamus and synthesis of GNRH in the hypothalamus. It is believed that the kisspeptin- Kiss1r system has been a significant integrator of multiple hormonal and physiological signals with GNRH neurons. Xing-fa et al. [2014] showed that the level of KISS1 mRNA and that of KISS1 receptor Kiss1r in the hypothalamus were notably reduced after immunological or surgical castration. The amount of GNRH mRNA in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus and mRNAs of genes in the sex-hormone negative-feedback loops in the hypothalamus were decreased in pregnenolone-immunized rabbits compared to controls. The actions of GNRH are mediated by kisspeptin neurons, which express steroid receptors [García-Galiano et al., 2011].

Nerve cells are known to receive an initial signal, propagate it, and ultimately deliver it to an effector cell. This passage of information is very complex and the slightest derailment can cause the entire cascade to cease. In the articles, "Effects of the Hormone Kisspeptin on Reproductive Hormone Release in Humans" and "Pacemaking Kisspeptin Neurons" the Kisspeptin neuron as well as its associated neurons and messengers are discussed. The articles mainly serve to define the Kisspeptin nerve’s main role in puberty and reproduction, whereas previously the nerve was mostly researched in regard to its effect on tumors. The articles also discuss the cause and result of related health problems

Throughout the body there are chemical messengers being excreted into blood and transported to organs and tissues to make use of their functions. These so called “chemical messengers” are also known as hormones or messengers that are blood-borne and affect target cells physically distant from the secreting cells (Copstead, 2013, pg. 1130). There are various hormones that act upon other areas of the body; however, gonadotropins, or FSH and LH, are a significant hormone for both men and women before and during the reproduction cycle.

The reproductive system is one of the eleven human body systems that both meth and women have, yet function differently depending on the gender. How do these similar, yet different systems work together to conceive and produce offspring? The reproductive system is a complex system with key components regarding the parts of the male reproductive system, the female reproductive system, and the process of how a female egg is fertilized by a male sperm cell.

Here at RaeBost Memorial hospital our endocrinologist can diagnose and treat hormone problems and the complications that arise from them. Whether you are suffering from a genetic hormone imbalance such as neurofibromatosis (NF), or one from environmental factors such as hyponatremia we can help. Often times our patients are referred to our clinic because their primary physician suspects an underlying cause is related to hormone production. We often treat patients suffering from obesity, hirsutism, hyperthyroidism and even corticoadrenal insufficiency. Our Endocrinologist has ample experience with those that have been diagnosed with Cushing Syndrome, and Growth Hormone (GH) disorders whether its dwarfism, giantism or acromegaly.

The proper functioning of the endocrine system is extremely important. In case of overproduction or reduced production of hormones the related processes become improperly regulated, which can cause