The Epidemic Of Dengue Fever

About 1,500 cases of malaria are diagnosed in the United States annually, mostly in returned travelers” (Global Health - Division of Parasitic Diseases , 2010). Malaria risk is not distributed homogeneously throughout all countries. Some destinations have malaria transmission occurring throughout the whole country, while in others it occurs in defined pockets so the traveler should be weary of areas whose climate is conducive to mosquitoes.

* Flaviviruses: share a common size (40-60nm), symmetry (enveloped, icosahedral nucleocapsid), nucleic acid (positive-sense, single stranded RNA approximately 10,000-11,000 bases), and appearance in the electron microscope. Therefore, images of West Nile virus are representative for this group of viruses.

Consequently, the spread of the Zika virus from its originating countries of Africa and Asia, to American countries has linked the virus as an ongoing epidemic. Due to climate changes, warmer winter temperatures, there is an increase of egg survival (Ali, 2017). Warmer spring, summer, and fall temperatures may also lengthen the season transmission of the virus in temperate regions as well. In addition, the spread of the flu- like virus in humans is is also due to natural disasters, such as, earthquakes and hurricanes destroying homes forcing residents to sleep outside exposing themselves to infected mosquitoes. International travelers are also at potential risk of contracting the virus, especially in industrialized countries. Furthermore, pregnant women or women of child bearing age should refrain from traveling to countries that are known for the Zika mosquito infestation.

How many cases of West Nile Virus were reported in your state based on the epidemiology data?

In conclusion, the West Nile Virus is not that dangerous to our society today. Even if someone does get bitten by a mosquito that is carrying the virus, only about 20 percent of people will get the disease. Even if they do get the disease it is usually just a little sickness that you will overcome. The most dangerous part of this disease is when it affects the brain, but this is a 1 percent chance. There has been various incidents in the U.S. There has been about 44,000 cases of West Nile virus have been reported in the United States since

To identify the spread of every infectious disease known to infect the human population is problematic. The whereabouts of how certain viruses migrated from its known origin in the Eastern Hemisphere over to the Western Hemisphere is still unclear in relation to West Nile virus (Nelson & Williams, 2014). There are only theories behind the routes on how the virus spread to North America, perhaps the migration of birds infected with West Nile virus, or through the means of creating bioterrorism of weaponizing a virus. West Nile virus, unlike most viruses, are not deadly, but is still considered a public health concern due to the lack of understanding of how the development of the disease is unclear. It is evident that further research needs

West Nile Virus is a viral disease that is transmitted by mosquitos. West Nile is a virus that reacts very differently depending on the person that is infected with it. In fact, most people do not ever develop symptoms after being infected by the West Nile Virus via a mosquito bite. That means 70-80% of all people are asymptomatic after contracting this disease (Centers for Disease Control Website, 2015). That is a large number of people that do not present with any symptoms which to me that means this is a vastly under reported disease. If the person happens to be one of the unlucky 20% that dose present with symptoms then there is a wide range that this patient can present with. Most people that present with symptoms are going to have flu like symptoms things like Headache, fever, joint pain, diarrhea, and vomiting (Centers for Disease Control Website, 2015). When West Nile Virus is suspected then appropriate testing is ordered which is one of two ways either by blood test, or by cerebral spinal fluid (Centers for Disease Control Website, 2015)

Nonfiction books are based on facts and associated with real people, and real events, whereas fiction books describe imaginary characters and imaginary events. The acquisition of a character would modify, An American Plague: The True and Terrifying Story of the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793 into a fictional story. The character is assigned an essay about the yellow fever pandemic of 1793, with a lack of interest in their project; the student unwillingly begins their research. The character’s disinterest in their topic turns into inquisitiveness about the yellow fever epidemic. The character’s inquiry feeds their imagination and transports them back to 1793 during the time of the epidemic. Experiencing the contagion of yellow fever allows the

West Nile virus is the most significant exotic mosquito-borne disease that has come to the contiguous United States in the last century. Outbreaks have proven extremely difficult to predict and control and have been associated with considerable morbidity. The large outbreak in 2012, which caught many by surprise, indicates that West Nile virus will remain a formidable public health challenge for years to come (“FAQ: West Nile Virus,” par. 3).

West Nile Encephalitis has infected more than 25,000 horses since its 1999 entrance into the United States. This relatively new infectious disease is the most widely distributed arbovirus, causing infections across the continent from Africa, to Australia, Southern Europe, and North America. Cases have even been reported in Mexico and Canada. This paper will focus on the main symptoms, treatments, vaccination types, and prevention.

To understand the practices of the doctors of the Yellow Fever epidemic, there has to be an understanding of eighteenth century medical education. An examination is vital to understand why the physicians of the epidemic treated their patients the way they did. This thesis will outline the education of the University of Edinburgh. Edinburgh was the forerunner in medical education in the eighteenth century. It was a hub of the best and newest medical knowledge. The university offered both lectures and clinical practice which attracted aspiring American physicians. Edinburgh’s model of education is seen in the foundation of American apprenticeships and its first medical school in Philadelphia. Although Edinburgh was considered to be the most prestigious

A particular stain of the Zika Virus, PRVABC59, has recently become an epidemic in South America and the Pacific¹, and in the last month has spread to Florida. PRVABC59 is a Flavivirus, ssRNA(+), is spread by Aedes Aegypti and Aedes Albopictus mosquitoes and is capable of spreading from mother to unborn child during pregnancy. Although the Zika virus normally doesn’t cause severe symptoms, further complications arise if a fetus is infected, as stated by the World Health Organization “There is scientific consensus that Zika virus is a cause of microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome”. Before more research can be done to develop a vaccine or treatment, a specific primary antibody must be created as a tool for further research about the function of the ten proteins in the Zika genome. This project worked on nine of these proteins in ten parts. Two structural proteins, capsid and pre-membrane protein, and the seven non-structural proteins, with NS5 being split into two pieces due to its size and toxicity. A previous method of protein production and purification2 was followed to create these antibodies. This method of protein production and purification should lead to a primary antibody specific to recombinant proteins of the PRVABC59 strain of Zika virus, which is a necessary tool for further research into the PRVABC59 strain.

In the past, the only ticks found in Canada were those in southern Ontario. Now, ticks can be found in all provinces in Canada as shown in figure 1. In 2014, there were only 500 reported cases of lyme, however, it is expected to reach 20000 by 2020 (Mangione, 2015). With temperatures averaging 2 degrees more than what they were 50 years ago, Canada has become an ideal breeding ground for these ticks (Weather Network, 2013). There are issues with this because many doctors in Canada are not trained to deal with lyme since it was never relevant in Canada. With the numbers rising, many people have to go to the United States to get diagnosed with lyme and to receive proper treatment. Even in the US, many doctors are unable to diagnose a patient with lyme. Another example of an environmental disease that is now prevalent in Canada is west nile virus, which is spread by infected mosquitoes. These two environmental diseases are not serious with proper treatment, however, other environmental diseases that have not made their way to Canada have the potential to become very deadly, for example, the dengue fever. Dengue fever is transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which is currently found in only tropical and subtropical regions. If the average temperature in Canada were to continue to increase at this rate, dengue fever and other environmental diseases would become

The World Health Organization (WHO) says as many as 4 million people could be infected in the next year in America. Subsequently, “On January 27th, Brazilian health officials reported a total of 4,180 cases since October 2015, and 287 more cases more cases a week earlier.” (Rosen 16). Health officials take a lot of time investigating many cases that have appeared in more than 20 countries, including the Caribbean, and Central and South America. The amount is rising more and more. In addition, the only places that were recorded to not receive the mosquito-borne virus were Canada and Chile, because of their lack of a large mosquito population. However, what does that mean for the

Those who have WNV will not show any signs or symptoms. About 20% of people will develop a mild infection called West Nile Fever and will experience fever, headache, body ache, vomiting, diarrhea, and skin rash (West Nile Virus). If WNV gets severe many issues can occur to the infected. A very small percentage of infected people suffer from neurological infection, including inflammation of brain (encephalitis) and of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord (meningitis) (West Nile Virus). These signs include high fever, severe headache, stiff neck, disorientation, coma, muscle jerking, seizures, and partial paralysis. The difference of how mild or severe WNV can affect you temporarily or sustain permanent damage.