The Epidemiology Of Huntington's Disease

Huntington's disease is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder. It is passed on to children from one or both parents (though two parents with Huntington's is extraordinarily rare) in an autosomal dominant manner. This is different from autosomal recessive disorder, which requires two altered genes (one from each parent) to inherit the disorder.

Huntington’s disease destroys the organs that carry the functions of the central nervous system. Kalat (2013) states, “Huntington disease (also known as Huntington disease or Huntington’s Chorea) is a severe neurological disorder that strikes about 1 person in 10,000 in the United States” (A.B. Young, 1995, p. 258).Individual’s develop the symptoms in their middle age, but even if it is a rare disorders juveniles as well as children before the age of ten can develop the disease. Huntington’s disease is hereditary disease that is passed on from a parent. Huntington’s disease is of the lack of the chromosome 4, if one of the parents carries the gene, they can pass that gene to their

At present, there is no cure for the disease, but dynamic progress has been made as researchers explore this illness. HD is inherited as an autosomal dominant condition. In March 1993, scientists realized that HD is caused by a mutation in a gene located on chromosome 4. This gene has a unique genetic sequence for CAG (cytosine-adenine-guanine) and codes for the amino acid glutamine, a building block for the huntingtin pr otein. Normal individuals have this sequence duplicated from 11 to 40 times in their genetic coding without having symptoms of HD. However, individuals with the disease have from 40 up to 100 repeated CAG segments. Juvenile Huntington's Disease occurs wit h 60 or more repeats, linking the longer chains of CAG sequences to earlier and more aggressive onset of the disease.

The disease that I have chosen is Huntington’s disease. Australian Huntingtin’s Disease Association (NSW) says that five in one hundred thousand people have Huntington’s disease. Huntington’s disease is rare in people who descended from Europe, but according to the U.S national library of medicine it is less common in people of “Japanese, Chinese and African decent” to name a few (2017). The symptoms may include: subtle changes in personality and physical skill. The most recognisable symptom is random sporadic movements throughout the body. This is called chorea; this can reduce coordination and cause other minor motor abnormities. This would lead to difficulty chewing, swallowing, speaking, cause unusual facial expressions

Huntington’s disease is caused by a mutation in the gene for a protein called Huntingtin. The genetic mutation results in the building blocks of DNA (cytosine, adenine, and guanine) to be replicated many more times than in an average individual. As a result, Huntington’s disease breaks down brain cells, or neurons, specifically located in the primary motor cortex regions of the brain, but can effect other brain areas

neurologist named Geoge Huntington during the late 19th century. HD is a brain disorder that greatly affects a person's ability to think, speak, and move functionally (MedicineNet). The causes behind this disease were uncovered in the basal ganglia, a nuclei group linked to the thalamus, the center of the brain responsible for sensory and motor relay. The basal ganglia obtains the same control of physical movement, but is also responsible for human emotion and cognitive ability. In HD, there is a mutation on chromosome 4, which, without dysfunction, holds over 1,000 genes and creates over 186 million copies of different DNA building materials, or base pairs (Mandal, Ananya). DNA is shaped like a spiral ladder and creates different base pairs out of adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. The combination of these bases determine a cell's function. Chromosome 4 creates CAG; however, all base pairs come with a maximum limit of copies that it can create. In HD, CAG is endlessly repeated, which then encodes the protein, huntingtin (Mandal, Ananya). There are results in damage of the basal ganglia, and, eventually, overall neurological

Huntington disease is defined by the autosomal pattern that is in inheritance with high penetrance of high proportion of the population that has the gene that advances the disease. It’s typical that Huntington disease is caused by the loss of neurons nerve cells in the brain (Van Walsem M.R, 2016).

If Melissa’s mother is Huntington’s disease positive heterozygous and her father is Huntington’s disease positive homozygous if this is the case 100% chance Melissa will be Huntington’s disease positive.

Learning about Huntington's disease was one my favorite things of my observership. because I was able to help the Dr. with its research about the disease, and observe the physical exam but most important see patients with the disease. I am from Maracaibo, Venezuela, and the city is know for the largest population with Huntington's disease, they call it "el mal del Sambito" because of the choreography like movements. It was very nice, being to relate to the disease somehow.

Huntington’s disease is caused by a mutation in the gene for a protein called huntingtin. The defect causes the cytosine, adenine, and guanine (CAG) building blocks of DNA to repeat many more times than is normal leading to a overproduction of this protein resulting

According to Cunha, (2010) article Huntingtons Disease, there is no treatment to stop Huntington’s disease. The physicians may prescribe a lot of medication to control the emotional and movement problems. The U.S Food and Drug Administration approved tetrabenazine in August 2008 to treat the HD making it the first drug approved in U.S to treat the disease. To help reducing the choreic movements and help to control hallucinations, delusions and violent outburst, use Antipsychotic drugs such as haloperidol or clonazepam. However, the Antipsychotic are not prescribed for other form of muscle contraction called dystonia associated with HD that can worsen the condition causing stiffness. Also, it have a severe side effects including sedation so it should take in lowest doses. Physicians may prescribe fluoxetine, sertraline, nortriptyline for depression. Tranquilizers help to control anxiety and lithium may prescribed to severe mood swings and pathological excitement. Some individuals with HD need medications to treat the obsessive-compulsive. Other drugs used to treat symptoms of HD have side effects such as fatigue, restlessness and hyperexcitability.

A disease that causes a person to lose control of basically all of their functions is a very serious problem. Huntington’s Disease causes a person to over time lose control of their functions, including cognitive and motor functions. The disease is named after a man named George Huntington in 1872. He discovered that this was a hereditary disease. In the late 20th century, another group discovered the specific gene that causes Huntington’s. It was found that the 4th chromosome is the gene that mutates to cause Huntington’s. This disease is not a very common one, resulting in approximately .003-.007 percent of the population.

The first of the Five Arnold Requirements which states: The encroacher did not simply take a calculated risk, act in bad faith, or negligently, willfully or indifferently locate the encroaching structure. This requirement was met due to the fact that the Huntington’s and the Proctor’s relied on a survey that was done of the property. The survey was completed by Dennis Peoples in 1995. Mr. Peoples placed a pin along the northern border of the Proctor’s property. This pin was not intended to mark the actual boundary of the properties. This pin was referred to as the 16th pin. Based on this information, it obvious that the Huntington’s were not negligible in this instance. They had relied on the information from the surveyor. The Huntington’s

In 1972, George Huntington described an illness “Huntington’s Chorea” from the Greek work “Chorea” meaning dancing which is commonly refers to as Huntington Disease (HD) today. The movement made by the Huntington disease patients seems like a jerky dancing therefore it was refers as Huntington’s chorea (HC) 1 in every 10,000 people in United State of America (U.S.A.) suffers from hunting affecting male and female of all ethnicity and race equally but risk are higher for person’s in thirties or forties.. That approximately 30,000 people in the U.S.A., while more than 150,000 are at 50% risk of developing HD. HD is an inherited neurological, degenerative brain disorder which results in physical, mental, and emotional changes that affect

According to the University of Utah a genetic disorder is described as a disease that is caused by an abnormality in an individual’s DNA. This means that there is a mutation present in the gene. It could be an elimination mutation, addition mutation or even a change in an entire chromosome. In the Life Science class we were given a research project about genetic diseases which we were to carry out. I chose Huntington’s disease particularly because I had never heard of it and I found it highly beneficial to learn more about it. In this research project I have clearly outlined how I have carried out the entire project, I have provided information about Huntington’s disease, I have included literary reviews on the articles I read, and I have also provided information about the Huntington’s Association of South Africa (HASA).