The Era Of The 19th Century

Department stores, Chain stores, and mail order's houses were how retail sales and distribution techniques of the late nineteenth century made goods and conveniences formerly enjoyed by city dwellers available to Americans in small towns and the countryside. Americans no longer had to make their own clothes but, now they had the leisure of picking and buying clothes from a department store. Due to chain stores buying in preparing food had changed. A new industry of packing and selling foods had been invented. The mass production and new development of tin can had inspired an industry of canned foods. Refrigerated railroad cars and iceboxes made it possible for perishable food items to be kept fresh. These developments brought a healthy improvement

The germ theory was proposed by Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur in the 1870s, on the basis that microorganisms were the cause of many diseases.

The late 19th century of American history is most commonly known as the Gilded Age, because of its attractive appearance, but underlying corruption. Popular themes during this period were greed and guile. This can most clearly be seen in the nature of city governments and political machine systems. Political machine systems were made up influential men preying on the vulnerable for their own gain. A shining example of this unethical system is Tammany Hall. Tammany Hall was a political force in New York City from its 1789 inception as a benevolent association to its infamous end in the early 20th century (Tammany Hall). Run by William M. Tweed, commonly referred to as Boss Tweed, this political ring gained its popularity by supporting immigrants and the lower class. Tammany Hall pushed for real improvements in hospitals, schools, and infrastructure (Burns). Although these examples are viewed as a good within the system, they are irrelevant and ineffective in the overall upheaval caused by Boss Tweed and his political machine. Tweed 's idea of city government and his political machine was a failure because it took advantage of taxpayers, used political graft and corruption to disparage the Constitution, and set a bad example for future political leaders.

Toward the latter part of the 19th century, bustling America, in response to the trends of industrialization and urbanization that characterized its Gilded Age, began its new century by entering into a new historical/political epoch that came to be known as the Progressive Era. This distinctive period in history (spanning from the 1890s through 1920) found progressives seeking to use the American federal government as a means of change through social, political, and economic reforms. Politically, the passage of the 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th amendments are evidence of the success of progressive reformers, despite the fact that some of the new laws failed to create desired social changes. The efforts of the progressives were mainly effective when it came to social reforms related to worker’s rights and child labor, but less productive in attaining improved civil rights for African-American citizens. In addition, the government was, to a large extent, successful in the establishment of economic reforms to aid the working class, such as those enforced by Woodrow Wilson’s “Triple Wall of Privilege”; however, President Roosevelt’s famous anti-trust efforts were ultimately not far-reaching enough at the time to eliminate all problematic corporate monopolies and related corruption.

The Progressive Era was social activism and political reform between the 1890s and 1920s. The reformers of the Progressive Era tried to help the corrupt government, improve the not so great economic state for lower and middle class and immigrants, and invoke social change. The reformers were also very effective of making the problems of the 19th century known in America. Media development and some innovation did an excellent job of bolding all the corruption in the government and scandals of public health. Margaret Sanger and Alice Paul were very important reformers during the 19th century. With their help, immigrants and the lower classes were freed of the corruption and forced poverty placed upon them by business and government. These reformers were very successful in dealing with the problems at the turn of the century and really beyond,

In the late nineteenth century reformers’ efforts to “save the Indians” failed due to them taking away their way of life having the conform to the ideas of the white Americans.

The early nineteenth century in the United States was a period defined by exponential growth both socially and economically as well as major westward expansion and urbanization. This time is referred to as the Industrial Revolution because of the heightened interest in manufacturing and production. Industrialization in the North was on the rise mainly as a result of the Embargo Act of 1807, a law that barred the United States from trading with other nations, as well as the war of 1812. The government policies during this time allocated more attention towards projects of inward improvement such as creating roads, canals and building infrastructure. As for foreign policy, the United States remained relatively neutral during this time which

“Louis Pasteur – Germ Theory of Disease” Inventors About. Com. 2014. Retrieved on January 13 2014 from Biography.com: http://inventors.about.com/od/pstartinventors/a/Louis_Pasteur.htm

The nineteenth century was an era that a lot of memorable history events had happened. Race, place, gender and class have been perpetuated in this century and have influenced the society from then. White people were obviously living better than black people; big cities always offered more opportunities and chances for people to find jobs; males were admittedly getting jobs easier and having higher salaries than females at that time; people who were in the upper class were undoubtedly enjoying more liberty and possessing more social properties than those were in lower class. The Civil War is considered one of the most significant history events that happened in American history. The government abolished the slavery law after the war, which emancipated many black people from being slaves. Also, there were many women going outside and finding jobs on their own. But under these circumstances, there were several events that still had impacts on people at that time and divided people by race, place, gender and class. These included the events of H.H.Holmes and the events of Margnet Garner, which illustrated how and why race, place, gender and class were dividing people and perpetuated in the nineteenth century.

America developed as an industrial and agricultural colossal in the late nineteenth century. Beatified with limitless pure natural resources, remarkable technologies, ruthless population growth, entrepreneurial energy, and little to no government interference the United States cultivated very rapidly and changed perilously than ever before. Only within three or four generations after the Civil War the primarily base rural nation ranked fourth as the world’s main commercial, agricultural, and industrial power. In the 1900s the United States controlled global markets in steel, oil, wheat, and cotton. Businesses grew greatly in size and power. Social tensions and political corruption aggravated the rising scale of business enterprise.

During the early nineteenth century, a lot of major historical events occurred. Thomas Jefferson became president in the early 1800s. He then purchased a massive plot of land from Napoleon which was called the Louisiana Purchase. As the nation grew, a unique national identity and culture took shape. Women, Native Americans, and African Americans contributed to the identity and culture of the United states because they all had very different rights compared to the rich white men that lived in the United States.

The epicenter of the new founding country America in both the 18th and 19th century’s values and traditions are contrary to each of their beliefs. In both era ways of living and the foundation they are governed upon would have contrary beliefs to each other. When the founding fathers built the foundation on which the new country would stand upon they made sure the country would change to become unique from any other. eventually Such principles like aristocracy, patriarchy and most 18th century traditional and cultural would give way to a new way of handling societies and its affairs. Marketing strategies such as mercantilism, would give way to a more hands off way of business and trade known as lassie affair economy. Many other cultural changes such as a new society in 19th America based on popular sovereignty and sentimentalism are examples of societies new principles

Pentridge Prison, built in the 1850 in the north of Melbourne, housed Victoria’s most infamous criminals, which included; Russell Street Bomber Craig Minogue, 1920’s gangster Squizzy Taylor, Hoddle Street gunman Julian Knight and Mark ‘Chopper’ Reid. Pentridge Prisons history emphasizes the changes in crime, offending and punishment over its period of operation.

Many scientists say that several people saw his great idea and followed him on the way to discovery, but others opposed it. One of the followers was Louis Pasteur who seems to get most of the credit for the start of the germ theory. Pasteur was a French microbiologists and a dedicated man

The first half of the 19th century was a time of sweeping changes. With transportation, and factories increasing, North America was in for a major upgrade. While all of those things are going on, the two regions that made up the growing nation was the North and South. These two sides were very different in their approach of lifestyle which would soon lead to conflicts. Two issues stood out more than others as the North and South headed towards civil war. One reason increase of tariffs and taxes the Congress placed on the south to ship goods to other countries. The other was the idea of keeping slavery in the country. The tariffs placed economic inequality between the northern states and the southern states.