The Era Of The Industrial Revolution

Art is the expression of creative skills and imagination, through a visual medium such as painting or sculptures. Architectural is the art of designing and constriction of an object or a building. During Gilded Age the newly wealth citizens of America traced their ancestry and cultural heritage to the greater civilization and aristocracies of Europe. People spend months collecting and moving art and architecture from Europe to United States. During the Gilded Age, American architects created a different blending of style to their great houses which were initially influenced by European design. As a result of revolution, Ashcan school was introduced by a group of artists who were inspired by Robert henry. The artists believed in worthiness of immigrants and the working class life as artistic subject matter in art.

Influenced by his readings of ancient and modern architectural writings, Jefferson gleaned the best from both his readings and from his observations in Europe, creating his own personal style of architecture, a mix of Neoclassicism’s Roman temples, and Palladian villa. Partly, because of Jefferson’s influence, our federal buildings set an American precedent for the neoclassical style. Jefferson’s admiration for neoclassical style went so far as to design

The Neoclassical architecture consisted in the mid-1800s to the early 1900s. One of the earliest phases of the neoclassical architecture grew alongside with the Baroque Period. The architecture is generally evident in England, where there are buildings like the St Paul’s Cathedral, The Royal Observatory, and The Royal Chelsea Hospital. Large-scale structures, Ionic pillars, and huge Renaissance-style noodles represent the Neoclassical architecture. Many took inspirations from simple shapes like spheres, cubes, and cylinders so they could provide a more abstract classicism. Two well-known architects of the neoclassical period were the British architect Robert Adam and American architect Thomas Jefferson.

There have been many different styles of interior design over the past including types of architecture, patterns, colour choices and shapes of the past. Starting in 1152 we see Gothic style with rich dark colours, a sense of luxurious grandeur including characteristics such as stained glass windows, ornate fireplaces and intricate detailing. (pic 1)

Throughout history, there were numerous ages and eras that brought considerable changes and advancements to the human society. For instance, the age of exploration led explorers such as Columbus and Dias to discover unknown continents and routes. The age of enlightenment caused a burst of knowledge and ideas based on reason from people such as John Locke and Voltaire. The most important era, however, that brought substantial and visible change to the way of living is the era of Industrial Revolution. The period of the Industrial revolution began in the early 1700s and ended in the late 1800s. During the century, the Industrial revolution engendered both positive and negative changes to the human society. Some of the cons include the rapid

The style was born of inspiration toward Bauhaus and adopts the principle of purism and minimalism. Architects were becoming dissatisfied with the ongoing use of mixed decorative elements from different architectural periods that showed limited or no relation to the buildings function. Therefore architect Le Corbusier’s presentation of using steel and glass in the Modern Architecture Exhibition of 1932 piqued interest in the architecture community. Using the teachings and principles he enforced using his Bauhaus years, Le Corbusier was able to expand his Bauhaus teaching to the American market in the form the International Style. A famous modernist work by Le Corbusier, the Villa Savoye, became the epitome of the international style. It emphasised that architects should be responsible for researching and solving the problem of between cost and function of a building. Due to the influence of Bauhaus, modern architecture became more beneficial and became an architecture design style that recorded the lowest prices at that time due to its simplicity, costing only twenty cents per square foot. The building not only maximises the money spent but also breaks traditional cliche design concepts at the time more specifically heavy foundations and narrow windows. The influence of Bauhaus spreads worldwide defining the international style and

One does not think the name Charles Eames without considering his other half Ray Eames. Ranked among the elite of American designers, they were one of the largest contributors to what we know as modernism today. “their pronouncements on design emphasized the centrality of function in the use of the technologies of mass production to make quality goods cheaper and more affordable.” Charles was not successful just an architect, also in furniture design, film and exhibition design all of which brought him international acclaim. They found their most success in furniture design. Regrdless of their success Charles preferred the word architect to designer, he believed it implied a kind of structure, analysis, as well as a tradition behind it. Along

The eighteenth century was part of the beaux-arts. The French Revolution (1789–1799) was bounded by Rococo and Neo-classicism; these are the two artistic styles that flanked the revolution. Rococo is a decorative style from the beginning to mid-18th century. It was derived from the French word racially which mean shell.

The term “Mid-Century Modern” is used to broadly describe a style of architecture and furniture design that was prominent during the post-World War II years.

“Architecture or Revolution?” in Le Corbusier’s belief was the only way to avoid class-based revolution in industrialized architecture (Quirk, 2012). Le Corbusier, born Charles Édouard Jeanneret, was born into an artistic family in 1877 in a small village in Switzerland. His mother was a pianist and his father was a designer of watch dials. Even though he learned piano and father’s trade he got interested in the architecture when he was 13 years old. He learned from L’Eplatenier, a teacher in La Chaaux-de-Fund. His teacher opened his eyes and led him to the direct observation of life. He was an instinctive genius by turning older building designs into newer more modern designs. Le Corbusier is one of the most significant architecture’s of the 20th century, and one who led architecture to the modern era.

Different architects have different styles because they are trying to get at different things. Architecture is not just about making something beautiful anymore, it is about trying to get across a set of ideas about how we inhabit space. Two of the most famous architects of the twentieth century, one from each side, the early part and the later part up until today each designed a museum with money donated by the Guggenheim foundation. One of these is in New York City, it was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. The other is in bilbao, Spain, and it was designed by Frank Geary. My purpose of this paper is to interrogate each of these buildings, glorious for different reasons, to show how each architect was expressing their own style.

Paris today is known as a center of arts and rich culture both acclaimed and original. Famous moments pop up through the history of France’s art, such as the impressionistic artworks by Monet, the École des Beaux-Arts teachings of classicism, and the iconic Eiffel Tower by Stephen Sauvestre. Paris augments itself with numerous museums to catalog countless masterpieces and sculptures throughout France’s enduring, yet sometimes gritty, history. As a whole, Paris comprises of a mixture between historic architectural themes like rusticated brick clad, mansard roofs, striated columns, and a modern day architectural themes like engineered metalwork, and external program support machinery. The notion of classic French architecture, juxtaposed

Art Deco architecture represented logical progress, and the subsequent rise of trade, technology, and speed .Employing new building materials that were manipulated into stepped, radiating styles that contrast brusquely with the fluid motif of Art Nouveau,. Together with its image as a modern, magnificent style, it is especially appropriate for the interior design of cinemas, ocean liners such as the Queen Mary, and the architecture of train stations across the United States. It endures throughout the Depression due to the realism and minimalism of its design, and its idea of better times ahead.

Moreover, these social and political ideals of the Enlightenment directly influenced the social climate that sparked the French Revolution, which Jefferson himself supported and endorsed (2). Neoclassical architecture in Europe and the US is generally characterized by a fondness for blank walls, symmetrical simple structures, and a grand scale contrasted by the dramatic use of columns (3). These preferences directly contrast the excessive, convoluted themes favored by Rococo works (3). Instead, neoclassical architecture preferred an understated sense of grandeur and appreciation for the finished, simple, and classical. That said, in discussing Thomas Jefferson’s Neoclassical architectural design for Monticello it is also important to discuss his influence on Neoclassical architecture known as Jeffersonian architecture. Jefferson as an architect was one of the earliest proponents of Neoclassical architecture in the Unites States (1). Jeffersonian Architecture is defined as the American form of Neoclassicism specific to Jefferson’s personal tastes and influences, most notably his incorporation of octagonal forms (6).

The Art Deco style was an example of a visually expressive breakthrough in what seemed to be a black and white industry. Originating in Paris, France in 1925 at the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs. It is distinguished by decorations and rich embellishments. Not of one single style, it is made up of multiple styles that created the illusion of wealth and luxury, which intrigued other countries when the economy was declining. It is relative to the Postmodernism movement in that it was a reaction to Modern style architecture. People often confuse Art Deco with Art Nouveau styles, when they differ greatly from one another. Both emerging during the same period, they used similar materials and ideas. However, Art Deco focused more on sleek-geometric embellishments, and Art Nouveau focused on extreme curvature and motifs inspired by nature. Although it only lasted a couple decades until the 1940s, there was a massive surge in production that we now see all over the world to this day, and in some places, you may not expect. Art Deco was an expression meant to be interpreted in many ways, and the Chrysler Building in New York, the Daily Express Building in Manchester, and Mayakovskaya Metro Station in Moscow are perfect examples.