The Erbb Pathway Analysis

Corvin, Aiden. "The Changing Faces Of Schizophrenia." New Scientist 216.2890 (2012): 30-31. Academic Search Premier. Web. 6 Dec. 2016.)

Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by distorted thinking, impaired emotional responses, poor interpersonal skills and a distortion of reality. It is the most common of psychotic disorders that, in most countries around the world, affects around 1 per cent of the population. In terms of explanations for the disorder, two central types of explanations arise – psychological explanations and biological explanations. Whereas psychological explanations tend to focus on cognitive, emotional and environmental factors that may cause the disorder, biological explanations tend to focus on genetic, biochemical and neuro-anatomical factors as the cause of the

Schizophrenia is a complex and highly debilitating mental illness that we are currently unable to treat in any way that guarantees success or return to previous function. It affects around 1% of the population and is associated with a thirteen-fold increase in the likelihood of suicide, so its effective control is paramount (Gogos et al., 2015). There have been several hypotheses as to the cause of schizophrenia. Many link genetic and environmental factors, and dysregulations of neurotransmitters dopamine, glutamate, and serotonin (Egbujo, Sinclair, & Hahn, 2016). The dopamine hypothesis currently suggests that hyperactive dopamine transmission in the basal ganglia leads to psychosis and underactive dopamine transmission in the prefrontal

Over the last few decades Schizophrenia has become embedded in mainstream vernacular as any behavior or emotional response that is out of touch with reality. However even with its popularity heightened through movies and headline news stories, schizophrenia is still one of the most enigmatic and least understood disorders of the brain. With current research focused on the role of neurobiology and functioning on a cellular level, investigative analysis has merited new innovations towards its source, however a single organic cause for the disorder still eludes scientists. Although the foundation of the affliction is still unknown, its effects are well documented and over the next few pages will show the changes in the brain as the disease

Another aspect of social life that is hindered by schizophrenia is the ability to make proper judgments about others. Many people find it difficult to make proper decisions about whether someone is good and trustworthy or not. The intensity of these symptoms at the onset of schizophrenic episodes gives a strong sense of the long-term prognosis, meaning that highly intense symptoms at onset lead to a poorer prognosis in the future (Siegel et al.,

Additional, inferences about the disorder are provided by Whitcomb and Merrell (2013). The authors characterize the symptoms of schizophrenia as delusions that are “typically bizarre and implausible” and pronounced hallucinations such as hearing voices for long periods of time (p. 363). Additional, impairments noted by the authors include “severe disturbances in perception, thought and affect, a severe decline in personal and social functioning, poor personal hygiene, inability to function effectively at school or work, and a severe impairment in social relationships” (Whitcomb and Merrell, 2013 p.363).

This paper defines schizophrenia from a biological and psychological perspective and also provides treatment to help combat symptoms of schizophrenia. This paper has three important contributions. First, by defining and expanding on schizophrenia from a biological perspective, I can identify the nature related predispositions. After expanding from a biological approach, secondly, I will analyze schizophrenia from a psychological aspect by determining if there is any environment or nurturing externals that can result to schizophrenia. Lastly, I will provide treatment details and also reveal early signs to schizophrenia. This paper is important because schizophrenia is an epic mental disease and it is crucially important to bring awareness to the public of how we can limit the illness. It is unclear whether schizophrenia have only a biological background or psychological background, but what was discovered is that both contribute to schizophrenia. Positive and negative treatment can be combatted undergoing pharmaceutical and psychotherapy,

The first cause for schizophrenia, like many other disorders and diseases, is biology. Researchers have found that a large number of different genes result in schizophrenia, rather than a few single genes, which only make up very minor contributions (Sue et al., 2014). Closer blood relatives also run a higher risk of developing schizophrenia (Sue et al., 2014), but this can also due to similar environmental factors. The study of endophenotypes, which are measurable heritable traits, is helping to identify which specific genes are responsible for certain characteristics that are evident in schizophrenia (Sue et al., 2014). Several endophenotypes that occur in schizophrenia have been identified by researchers, which “include irregularities in working memory, executive function, sustained attention, and verbal memory” (Chan et al., 2011). When looking at MRIs, decreased volume in the cortex and other areas of the brain are also common in individuals with schizophrenia when compared to someone without it (Hajima et al., 2013). This can lead to atypical or weak connectivity to other brain structures and regions, which leads to impaired cognitive processing, which is shown with

Behavioural deficits are key to understanding schizophrenia which are caused by attentional changes (Rothschild & Gaidis, 1981). Aberrant-salience theory has been investigated using latent inhibition (Haselgrove, 2015). Even though animal studies are not a principal point in this essay, the knowledge that animal latent inhibition was controlled by attentional processes led to the use of latent inhibition procedures to examine human pathologies characterized by attentional dysfunctions, predominantly in schizophrenia (Lubow, 2005). It was reported that latent inhibition effects in humans and animals were governed by the same attentional processors therefore Lubow (2005) suggested that the attentional devices that are accountable for latent inhibition in

Schizophrenia has been termed a heterogeneous group of disorders with varied etiologies (Walker, Kestler, Bollini, & Hochman, 2004) which includes biological, social, cognitive and psychodynamic perspectives. To progress knowledge of schizophrenia, this essay focuses on how the biological and psychological explanations are independent and interdependent and how they may differentiate from one another. This includes: how our biological predisposition, neuro transmitter dysfunction and genetic inheritance, affects how people with schizophrenia respond to social environments, the importance of socio-economic factors

Academic consensus regarding the etiology of most mental disorders is often tough to achieve due to a myriad of polygenic effects and complex gene-environment interactions; however, certain disorders such as Schizophrenia pose even more difficulty. Schizophrenia is a psychiatric condition that is marked by various positive and negative symptoms that cause fluctuations in cognitive ability and impose distorted experiences onto the patient (Pinel, 2011). Positive symptoms are defined as extreme and maladaptive variations on normal functioning, which include symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations (Xavier & Vorderstrasse, 2017); conversely, negative symptoms

Contemporary research has found that schizophrenic patients display significant social cognition deficits (Frithe, 1992; Fett et al., 2011; Green et al., 2012). Social cognition is a multifaceted concept that includes the mental operations underlying social interactions (Kern & Horan,

Schizophrenia is a leading cause of disability with approximately 1% of the population suffering worldwide which draws our attention to this critical issue. This disease is characterized by acute psychotic exacerbations, which are associated with significant disruptions in patients' functioning, increased emotional distress and dangerous behavior which follow a slowly progressive and life–long clinical course(Steibline et al.,2015).Schizophrenia comprises 3 main symptom domains: positive symptoms(e.g., delusions, hallucinations, paranoia), negative symptoms(with expressive deficit and avolition domains, including blunted affect and social withdrawal, respectively),and deficits in cognition (e.g., executive function, working memory, and attention)(Neill

(CBT) in schizophrenia was originally developed to provide additional treatment for residual symptoms, drawing on the principles and intervention strategies previously developed for anxiety and depression

Motivation is a common feature of both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The negative symptoms related to schizophrenia are defined as a diminished motivation to engage in productive and potentially positive activities. The negative symptoms related to bipolar include an increased drive to engage in risky or potentially dangerous activities. It has been said that these disturbances play an important role in clinical and functional consequences for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The temporal functions and neurophysiological connection of these disturbances are most often misunderstood. In this study, the translational neuroscience is used. Through this approach, the study engages in motivational systems to produce responses to cues that