The Erk Mapk Pathway Causes Osteoporosis And Formation During Bone Remodeling

Osteoporosis is an age-related disease of the skeletal system characterized by both low bone mass and bone structural degeneration (Nunes, 2011). Understanding osteoporosis is important because it is continues to be overlooked and undertreated, causing high numbers of bone fractures each year –in the elderly, these bone fractures can be debilitating or even life threatening (Eastell, 2009). Osteoporosis manifests when an imbalance between bone resorption and bone rebuilding occurs – this is due to changes in osteoclast and osteoblast activity. I chose this topic because osteoporosis affects millions of people, and research will allow me to better understand this common yet complex, and very perilous bone disease.

Osteoporosis is an intricate chronic disease that regularly goes undetected for multiple years before symptoms such as a bone fracture occur (Huether & McCance, 2012). It is a disease that compromises bone density, making it porous and is a serious health threat to aging adults (Watts, 2011). According to Huether & McCance (2012), Osteoporosis is not necessarily a result of the aging progression but it is the most common disease that affects bone, and it is most common in elderly individuals. During osteoporosis, there is a point where new bone is not being made faster than the old bone is being reabsorbed, leaving the bones to be porous and weak, with low density. Eventually, the weak bone becomes so weak that it is unable to support

Osteoporosis is a major public health concern that greatly affects the elderly population. Osteoporosis is typically diagnosed and most prevalent in the older population due to the natural aging process. As one ages, bone integrity begins to decline and can influence many aspects of one’s life. As the prevalence continues to increase, focus is placed not only on treatment methods for those diagnosed, but also early prevention methods for those at an early age.1 These treatment and prevention methods of osteoporosis, specifically exercise testing and prescription, will be continue to be discussed in more detail, as well as the scope, pathophysiology, clinical considerations, and recent topics in research.

Osteoporosis is a degenerative disease of the bones generally brought on by the process of aging, unfortunately there can also be a number of underlying or secondary causes; however, preventative care and drug treatments can minimize the severity of this prevalent disease. Osteoporosis has been estimated to affect more than 200 million people worldwide (Bethel, 2015). According to the National Osteoporosis Foundation, 9.9 million Americans have osteoporosis and an additional 43.1 million have low bone density.

Osteoporosis is a large threat to the aging population. When looking at people over the age of 50 years old one in three women and one in five men are diagnosed with osteoporosis (Fisher 2011, p. 136). It used to be believed that osteoporosis was a condition that post-menopausal woman had but now we know that it is also in pre-menopausal women and men (Dave, 2013, p. 373). When someone has osteoporosis the bone mass is reduced and they have an increased risk for fractures and broken bones. Some risk factors associated with osteoporosis are age, history of trauma/fracture, low intake of calcium and vitamin D, backache, and low physical activity. It is a disease where the bone loses density. The bones need more calcium and mineral to keep

“Worldwide, osteoporosis causes more than 8.9 million fractures annually, resulting in an osteoporotic fracture every 3 seconds” (Johnell, 2006 ). Making Osteoporosis a severe musculoskeletal disease. We will cover any the expected findings, signs and symptoms that you will find upon your assessment. It will also cover the routes of treatments, medications and preventive measures to emphasize to your client and the results and complications that can arise if these rules cannot be met. It will conclude with detailed nursing interventions as well as risks and what to express to your client upon discharge.

Osteoporosis is a medical condition in which bones become brittle and fragile as a result of tissue loss. Causes of osteoporosis include hormonal changes, deficiency of vitamin D, and, most commonly, deficiency of calcium. Bones affected by osteoporosis are easily fractured, and such fracturing most often occurs in the hip, wrist, or spine. Under normal circumstances, bone tissue is constantly being broken down and subsequently replaced by the human body; however, osteoporosis prevents the creation of new bone. As a result, a net loss of bone tissue occurs since no new tissue is available to replace the old tissue. With age, bone mass loss increases faster than does bone mass creation. There is currently no known cure for the disease. Osteoporosis

The bone consists of the diaphysis and epiphysis. The diaphysis is the middle part of the bone and the diaphysis are the ends of all long bones like for example the hip bone. This structure only qualifies for all typical long bones in our bodies. In this disease of osteoporosis cells of bone tissues are also involved such as osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts are involved in bone forming cells and they secrete calcium and binding proteins. Osteoclasts are involved in dissolving a damage bone and is a way that the bone can be repaired.

Osteoporosis develops when the remodeling cycle, which is when the disruption of the bone resorption and bone formation occurs. The imbalance of the remodeling cycle causes osteoporosis. Hormones, cytokines, and paracrine stromal-cell interactions affect the osteoclast’s processes, which includes proliferation, maturation, fusion and activation. The osteoclasts are controlled by the interaction between several interleukins, tumor necrosis factor, transforming growth factor-beta, prostaglandin E2 and hormones. The glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis is related to increased destruction of osteocytes. Glucocorticoid increase receptor activator of nuclear factor ligand (RANKL) effect and inhibit osteoprotegerin (OPG) production through

Osteoporosis is a disease of bone that leads to an increased risk of fracture. In osteoporosis the bone mineral density (BMD) is reduced, bone microarchitecture is disrupted, and the amount and variety of non-collagenous proteins in bone is altered. Osteoporosis is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) in women as a bone mineral density 2.5 standard deviations below peak bone mass (20-year-old healthy female average) as measured by DXA; the term "established osteoporosis" includes the presence of a fragility fracture.[1] Osteoporosis is most common in women after menopause, when it is called postmenopausal osteoporosis, but may also develop in men, and may occur in anyone in the presence of particular hormonal

According to Mayo Clinic, “Osteoporosis causes bones to become weak and brittle — so brittle that a fall or even mild stresses like bending over or coughing can cause a fracture. Osteoporosis-related fractures most commonly occur in the hip, wrist or spine” (2014). The issue of osteoporosis is very important due to the fact that it happens to a lot of people all over the world. Although the disorder of the bone occurs in older people, I believe that everyone should learn about osteoporosis before it happens to them. Osteoporosis is very common, yet serious and people should have the knowledge of learning the risks, treatments, and prevention. People are getting older and the disorder of osteoporosis is only increasing throughout the

Currently in my family my mother and my grandmother both have osteoporosis. “Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by a decrease in the density of bone, decreasing its strength and resulting in fragile bones” ("Osteoporosis", 2012). Osteoporosis can cause bones to break very easily. All it takes is the slightest accident and you can end up with a fracture or a complete break. The spine, hips, ribs and wrists are the most common bones broken because of this disorder. All of these most often are a result in a fall, but can happen at any point during a slight trauma. Currently there is about 55% of the population over the age of 50 that have osteoporosis or osteopenia. ("Osteoporosis", 2012) “One in two Caucasian women will

Osteoporosis is referred to as the decrease in bone density and mass over time. The interior bones become progressively weaker and can cause a stooped posture. This makes the individual more susceptible to bone fractures. Osteopenia regards a condition where the bone material density is considered lower than normal. This is usually a precursor to the musculoskeletal disorder, known as osteoporosis. The term ‘osteoporosis’ means ‘porous bones’. In this case, bone is a living tissue that is continuously being broken down and replaced. Thus, osteoporosis happens when the creation of bone does not keep up with the removal of the old bone. In this disorder, the bones are diminished and deteriorated in structure. This condition is typically prevalent in older women due to an estrogen deficiency with menopause. The lack of estrogen increases bone resorption and decreases bone deposition. In addition, osteoporosis can occur with atrophy, which is caused by disuse. Additionally, osteoporosis can occur in men due to the aging process as well as patients who have received corticosteroids, which are hormones used to treat inflammatory conditions.

An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two contrasting events, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as OSTEOPOROSIS.

Osteoporosis is commonly known around the world as the numbers continue to increase every year. Osteoporosis is known to cause problems in middle aged women and occasionally effecting some men (1), currently reaching the number of 200million women diagnosed with osteoporosis (2). Arthritis Organisation states that anyone can get osteoporosis but women are about four times more likely than men to develop it, with two main reasons contributing to this fact. For several years after menopause occurs (ovaries stop producing oestrogen), the process of bone loss speeds up, increasing the chance of being diagnosed with osteoporosis. Yet men generally reach a higher level of bone density before the process of bone loss begins. Although