The, Escape Proof Hiv Inhibitor

b. HIV is an incurable disease that relies on coreceptors to initiate host cell interaction and proliferates by utilizing the host cell’s own machinery to reproduce new virus. We will more deeply explore the mechanism in which HIV virions infiltrate and deceive our host cell. In addition, we will discuss current treatment and research that are in the process of finding a highly coveted cure.

Recent studies suggested that CD4 domain specific monoclonal antibody such as mAb (15A7) and Ibalizumab have a great revolution in HIV-1 treatment area. The majority of previous mentioned treatments constitute to either restore the immune response or decline the plasma vireamia, however, this type of treatment is more likely to interfere with the HIV-1 structure. Before explaining how this category of drugs works, it is necessary to clarify the reaction between HIV-1 glycoproteins and CD4. Once the virus enters the body, HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (gp120) attaches to a cellular CD4 receptor. As CD4/gp120 is formed, it allows gp120 to attache to chemokine receptor-5 (CCR5) or CX chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4) allowing gp41, another viral envelope molecule, to insert into the target cell membrane leading to fusion the viral envelope and cellular membrane (Christopher et al., 2010). Ibalizumab is CD4 domain-2 monoclonal antibody using as an effective treatment to enhance the CD4 counts. In a study which set out to determine the antiviral efficacy of Ibalizumab on HIV-1 positive patients not on (ART), (Christopher et al., 2010) found that the CD4 counts increase after one day of drug initiation even before the viral load decline. This suggested that the rise of CD4 counts is possibly due to redistribution of CD4 cells from lymphoid tissues rather than regeneration of these cells. Notably, niegher

recognize a protein that is present on the surface of all HIV strains and neutralize the effects of the

Several viral components were found to contribute to the transport of HIV-1 through nuclear pores for mediation or for the gathering of the host’s protein. Although these viral components were found, none of them showed any purpose when on their own.

There are two kinds of HIV, HIV 1 and HIV 2. HIV 1 is the most common in the world and HIV 2 is typically found only in West Africa. HIV 1 is responsible for stain M in its gene and is mostly responsible for the spread of the virus making it an epidemic. Today, there is an estimated of 32 million people with HIV. HIV is treated with a combination of three different drugs called antiretroviral. This helps to keep the amount of HIV in your body low and from getting sick alot.

HIV/AIDs is a huge epidemic still plaguing society today. The lack of knowledge and technical advances has caused an increasing number of cases. It has made its way around the world since the 1940s, causing countries to join together in the fight against AIDs. With all the campaigning that has been done the numbers of cases continue to rise. Countries have separated the disease into three patterns to make it easier to distinguish the effects that AIDs has on different regions of the world. As well as what subtypes sprout from what areas. HIV/AIDs can be spread in many different ways. The future is still uncertain for the victims whom lives have been dramatically changed by this deadly disease.

HIV-1, responsible for most of the disease today, was first discovered to have originated from Chimpanzees in 1999. HIV-2, the second type of the virus, was discovered to be transmitted through monkeys most likely through the consumption of their meat. There are two different types of the illness: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, essentially breaks down the body’s CD4 cells which help to assist fighting off infections in your body. Overtime, this will hindrance your body’s ability to fight off diseases which can be potentially life threatening. The last stage of HIV is linked to AIDS, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. AIDS is a specific group of diseases/conditions that are indicative of severe immunosuppression related to infection with HIV. This makes people infected with the disease more vulnerable to opportunistic infections which their body will be unable to fight off towards the later stages of the disease. Most people diagnosed with AIDS have an estimated three years to live, but people that do not get diagnosed have an estimated one year to survive.

c. binding and fusion of HIV into target cell takes place by interaction with 2 membrane glycoproteins (GP)

Human immunodeficiency virus is a retrovirus that affects the T cells specifically to the immune system. In spite of, lowering the immunity of humans and claiming the lives of many people around world. H.I.V replication is a multi- stage process and every step is necessary to complete its process. (“T Cell”) In step one, the entry of the virus requires certain receptors from the host cell such as a CD4. In addition, these receptors are composed of two glycoproteins that are embedded in the viral envelope. (“Kestens, P.”) By approaching the target, the cells of a gp120 connects to the CD4 receptors and the transmembrane gp41 is capable of transferring its information into the cell membrane. Uniquely, this process creates a pathway for the virus to fuse with the host cell. When it enters the cell it breaks open and releasing two viral RNA strands and three essential replication enzymes.

The most fundamental question to ask about an HIV vaccine is: 'What evidence exists that protection against disease after exposure to HIV is possible?' The best evidence for successful protection against a virulent primate lentivirus such as HIV is that monkeys are almost always protected against challenge with pathogenic SiVmac after vaccination with an attenuated (ne/-deleted) SIVmac

HIV is very popular in America HIV belongs to a group of retroviruses called lentiviruses. The genome of retroviruses is made of RNA. And every virus has two single chains of RNA, for replication, the virus needs a main cell, and the RNA must first be transcribed into DNA, which can be done with the enzyme reverse transcriptase. HIV infects mainly the CD4+ lymphocytes. It also to a lesser degree monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Once infected, the cell turns into an hiv-replicating cell and loses its function in the human immune system. HIV is a ball-shaped virus. It has two single strands of RNA for its genome. The RNA is made to carry the genetic information that passed on when new hiv particles are produced. This is different from a normal cell and it uses DNA to carry its genetic information.

Two to four weeks after infection a person can experience flu-like symptoms. This is when the virus begins to rapidly replicate, and during this time is when the HIV virus count is highest and the CD4 count drops rapidly. The lower the CD4 count the more susceptible the body is to other infections. Although HIV can be spread during any stage, there is a higher chance of spreading the virus because of the high virus load per cubic millimeter of blood. The second stage is known as clinical latency also known is inactivity, dormancy, asymptomatic HIV, and chronic HIV infection. Amid this aspect of infection the virus is active in the body, but there are low levels in the blood. Contagion is still existent, so precautions are pertinent. Affected humans can reach chronic HIV infection stage rapidly, but can be prolonged for a more than a decade with proper treatment. The final stage of HIV infection is known as AIDS, which means acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, meaning that the CD4 cell count is less than 200 per cubic millimeter of blood. Normal CD4 counts range from 500-1600 per cubic millimeter. During this stage the body can no longer protect itself from antigens. Common infections such as the common cold can ultimately be fatal to the

Recently in Cuba a new and aggressive strain of HIV has been discovered and this strain causes an early development of AIDS in people within 3 years of being infected with HIV. Usually it takes five to ten years for a person with HIV to progress to AIDS but only if the person is not under anti-retroviral therapy treatment. Individuals who are HIV positive usually don’t feel or look sick immediately which is why they do not take ART treatment during the clinical latency stage of the infection. The new “recombinant” strain of HIV takes advantage of this situation by causing a rapid progression of HIV to AIDS and cutting short the time needed for HIV positive patients to exhibit early symptoms, which could help them be aware of their infection

The first notable findings in the development process of the successful HIV-1 IN inhibitor is development of aryl-β-diketo acids. They provided the first proof of concept for HIV-integrase inhibitors as antiviral agents in the cell based assay.

HIV/AIDS was first discovered in the late 19th and early 20th century in Sub- Saharan Africa. It originated from primates and transferred to humans. There are two types of HIV. HIV-1, and HIV-2. The HIV1 is more common because of how easily transmitted it is. The HIV1 is found in chimpanzees in Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Republic of Congo, and Central African Republic. HIV2 is less transmittable because it was confined to West Africa before it could spread to epidemic levels. Every country has HIV/Aids in them. As of 2012, Swaziland has had the most percentage of aids by 26.50 of its population. Lesotho, Botswana, South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Namibia follow with numbers ranging from 23-13 percent. Since the problem originates in Africa, that is where the top HIV/AIDS infestation is. 68% of the people infected with HIV lives in Sub- Saharan Africa. More than half of all new HIV infections are in people under the callow age of 25, therefor millions are growing up with AIDS, or with dying family members.