The Essay : Pregnant Teenagers

The United Nations fights for humanitarian issues through the use of peaceful dialogue between countries and leaders. The UN's powers of authorising peacekeeping, sanctions and force when absolutely necessary is given to it by the UN charter, an international treaty. They are limited by the fact that they cannot make their resolutions and policies the law, however the important conversations they start and ideas that are shared are influential upon the many powerful leaders who choose to listen.

Later the peacekeeping forces brought about cease-fires in Central America and the Iran-Iraq War. As a safeguard they kept forces there to make sure that peace continued. After a few failures in Africa, the United Nations learned that by sending a force that is too small and not very intimidating, peace will crumble. The largest peacekeeping mission ever undertaken by the United Nations was the civil war between Bosnia and Herzegovina, after Yugoslavia broke up. On numerous occasions the United Nations underestimated the forces needed and failed the campaign. Since that failure in Bosnia, the United Nations has refused help to any other nations requesting assistance. (United Nations 2)

The peacekeeping operation must be part of a more comprehensive strategy to help resolve a conflict. This often includes political, economic, developmental, institution-building, humanitarian and human rights elements, which must involve other parts of the UN system—both UN bodies and Member States—and other international organizations (UN 2003 pg 6).

Despite the hope for democracy and political stability in the last two decades, crises and armed conflicts remain a serious impediment to development in many countries. Moreover, if some specialists say that the end of the Cold War at the beginning of the 1990s spelled the end of conflicts created through the East-West confrontation, the following years have shown the predominance of intra-state crises, thus forcing the United Nations (UN) to review its strategies for peace and security. In extremely complex internal conflicts, the peacekeeping operations seem unable to reach their objectives. The failure is a shared responsibility between the major powers, the peacekeepers and the UN.

Over the last 15 years peacekeeping operations have changed substantially at the behest of the UN Security Council. Authorization for the use of force conducted by peacekeepers have been granted more frequently, and in particular the method of peacekeeping operations have been reorganized to relinquish the root causes of the instability within a nation that is riddled with political or economic turbulence.

The use of military as a form of intervention is only allowed for when the nation being intervened agrees and the decision to do so is supported by the UN. These are some of the conditions that need to be met first. However, more often than not, because this is a less than peaceful approach, an expected outcome is usually more problems than solutions (Waal & Omaar, 1994).

"Over one million teenage girls become pregnant each year. In the next 24 hours, about 3,312 girls will become pregnant. In addition, 43% of all adolescents become pregnant before the age of 20. These are incredible statistics when you consider that there are only 31 million females. The United States has the highest adolescent pregnancy rate in the developed world. As statistics show one in nine women between the ages of 15 through 19 become pregnant each year. Also, every 26 seconds a teenage girl becomes pregnant and every 56 seconds a child of a teenage mother is born."

The intent of this research is to examine peace keeping operations that were accomplished by the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) during the Yugoslav wars. The research will focus on the effectiveness of United Nations (UN) in peace keeping operations with an emphasis on the Bosnian War. The research will start by examining briefly the history and goals of peacekeeping operations within the UN forces. This will serve to give context to the mission in Bosnia, why efforts are pursued in peacekeeping operations, and the roles they have in the international sphere. Then it will go into the peacekeeping operations that occurred during the Bosnia war. It will look to determine whether the operations were considered effective and successful with an emphasis to identify the reasons for success or lack of success. The measurement of effectiveness will look at how well they kept the peace, provided humanitarian assistance, protecting civilians in safe zones, and maintaining an effective ceasefire.

What does the word “peacekeeping” mean? People generally think of a specific person or organization who works for keeping the peace. In the International Affair, Marrack states “Peacekeeping is a technique which has been developed, mainly by the United Nations, to help control and resolve armed conflicts.” Professor Alan James traced the origin of peacekeeping back to its establishment in the 1920s. Officially, the first United Nations peacekeeping operation was United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO). In this operation, the UN sent unarmed military personnel to supervise and direct a ceasefire between Israel and Arab. The United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF), which was first an armed peacekeeping operation, went to Egypt in 1956 to supervise Anglo-French-Israeli interactions. From then on, many peacekeeping operations were established to resolve conflicts. Now, the question is: does peacekeeping really work? If yes, where does peacekeeping go? And how does peacekeeping work? In this paper, I conclude that peacekeeping does work in the long term and does very significant work in cases of conflict; peacekeeping goes places where peace is most needed, and peacekeeping works specifically because of its use of causal mechanisms in four different ways.

However legitimacy is an important factor, mainly criticisms concern effectiveness of those humanitarian interventions. Two priciples of UN charter briefly are explained by author: 1)States’ sovereign rights as the organizing principle of the international system and 2) promoting respect for human rights and justice as a fundamental mission of the organization. Strict requirements about humanitarian interventions: States accept this interventian as legitimate and humanitarian. Thus, humanitarian intervention must bu multilateral, and must be organized under

The United Nations was designed to promote peace by preventing future global conflicts between the two great powers (Trachman, 2005, p. 382). Since then, the United Nations has made peacekeeping operations acceptable to member states who would not otherwise have accepted foreign troops on their territory on the auspice of breaching their sovereignty (Goulding, 1993, p. 454). Since then the United Nations Peacekeeping operations has expanded to six different types of operations. Preventive deployment, traditional peacekeeping, implementation of a comprehensive settlement, humanitarian relief protection, institutional assistance and ceasefire enforcement are all applied now by the United Nations (Goulding, 1993, p. 460). And to think, the word “peacekeeping” does not even appear in the 1945 charter.

Pregnancies are a wonderful thing. Just imagine being able to create another human being and bringing it into the world. Although this may be what the majority of mothers think, teen moms may have a different perspective. They might have been forced into pregnancy and the child may be a reoccurring thought of what happened to her. Chances are the teen will love her baby in the long run, but in the beginning the teen most likely had different views. Teen pregnancy is a worldwide problem that needs to be educated properly. The reason why most teen pregnancies occur because teens aren’t educated enough. Granted they might become curious or they don’t care, but they at least need to be properly educated on the matter and know exactly what they

The history of UN peace operations began, infamously, with the creation of the Peacekeeping Forces in 1956 during the Suez Crisis. The conflict came at “a time of extreme tension, exacerbated by the looming danger of a superpower confrontation.” The establishment of peacekeeping sought to prevent the likelihood of a local conflict from occurring in fear of a direct conflict between the superpowers; thus, the UN provided a buffer between warring parties and created conditions for long-term conflict resolution. Traditional UN Peacekeeping was relatively effective in pursuing collective security during a time of international political stalemate within the UN Security Council. This was primarily due to the character of peacekeeping rooted in consent, impartiality, and the minimum use of force. The UN continued to conduct more similar missions before the end of the Cold War; however, with the collapse of a bipolar world and the rise of globalization, new types of conflicts and security threats surfaced, resulting in the need for alternative mechanisms of peace. It should be noted that peacekeeping is not obsolete, nor extinct,

The objective for this paper is to evaluate the role and impact of the United Nations peacekeeping force as it interrupts with international incidents. A background on the creation of the United Nations and the evolution of the UN’s peacekeeping will be provided. Two United Nations peacekeeping operations (Bosnia and East Timor) will be explained in detail and provide improvements that can contribute to future peacekeeping missions. The strengths and weaknesses of both peacekeeping operations will be highlighted for justification about the improvements. This investigation will come to a conclusion for the United Nations about the implications required for future peacekeeping missions as it has floundered in previous missions.

It is clear that some of the UN missions have received many restrictions from the host country authorities. Before the mission starts, the responsibility of the country’s leaders is to make the special agreement with the UN. The agreement is signed between the UN and the leaders of the government. Based on the agreement, the host nation’s leaders must support the UN peacekeeping operations in order to establish a safe working environment. The peacekeepers are supposed to achieve all tasks without any constraints from the host country authorities. Nevertheless, in some cases, this agreement is violated by political leaders of the country. For instance, in the Darfur crisis, Al-Bashir, who is the president of Sudan, played to local fear. He said that the “UN forces did not really provide peace in Darfur because they wish to recolonize Sudan and the UN military has a secret agenda” (Paterson, 2008, p. 18). Additionally, in 2004, the African Union (AU) peacekeepers begun to arrive in Darfur. The mission’s name was AU Mission in Sudan (AMIS) and was composed of about 7,500 soldiers and police from Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, and South Africa (Paterson, 2008). After two years, the UN and AU decided that the AMIS peacekeeping should be taken over by a UN force. The government of Sudan, headed by Omar al-Bashir, rejected any collaboration with the UN and noted that international military forces on its terrain would disrupt its independence (Paterson,