The Ethical Development Of Prenatal Diagnosis

Prenatal screening itself is a moment that holds uncertainty and can change the lives of those involved. . The chance of having a boy or girl seems to be the least of worries of expectant parents. Having a child with disability has been stigmatized to be a much bigger issue that is considered a “problem” in society. Even with issues surrounding prenatal screening, and it being ethical or “the right thing to do,” the worries of people with disabilities about how prenatal screening is handled can be answered. Tom Shakespeare references in, Solving the Disability Problem Whose Responsibility? how “scientific progress has created a situation in which childhood disability has moved from being considered a random chance or act of God, to something which can often be anticipated, and thus prevented” (Shakespeare 2005). Before science could tell us the gender of our future children, and any other problem that may entail, it was up to chance and choice whether one would follow through with complete pregnancy. With technology and advances in prenatal screening, anticipation is removed, predominantly due to the fear of having to raise a child with a disability. In contrast to negative and opposing views, Madeo et. al mentioned Lardy et. al’s study, which showed that those who suffer from a disability have the ability to maintain, “friendships, hold jobs, and go to school” (Madeo et. al 2010, 1778). Even with attitudes, which dishearten the lives of the

The articles purpose is to use legal sources to explore the decision to abort while the state, and the professions took a serious interest in the fertility control decisions of women. What is being argued is the fate of women burdened with unwanted

Premature births are one of the numerous things that everybody has a supposition on. Premature births have continuously been and will most likely dependably be a dubious point in which everybody won't concur upon. Amidst the discussion, two gatherings have developed. These gatherings are alluded to as genius life and professional decision. Star life supporters assert that life starts at origination; thusly, premature birth at any phase in the pregnancy is kill. Master decision supporters, then again, assert that it is the lady's entitlement to pick what she does with her body. Star life and master decision advocates contrast in many their suppositions, particularly, concerning when life starts, affects premature births have on the mother, and how legislative issues and religion assume a part in premature births. Premature births have been around for a huge number of years. Be that as it may, in the eighteen hundred premature births in the Assembled States wound up noticeably unlawful. Because of the absence of therapeutic training, techniques and surgeries, for example, premature births were exceptionally risky. As medicinal headways were made, ladies still needed to depend on back rear way premature births which often brought about the damage of thousands of ladies. Premature births stayed unlawful, despite the therapeutic headways grant to the way that doctors did not have any desire to impart their patients to different professionals. The American Restorative Affiliation expressed that premature births weren't right and perilous. In this way, as per the National Fetus Removal Organization, premature births were then made into a “doctor” rehearse because they could be performed legitimately keeping in mind the end goal to spare the lady's life. It was not until the point when 1973 that premature births were made legitimate in the Assembled States because of an Incomparable Court choice in Roe versus Swim by decision that "Americans' entitlement to protection incorporated the privilege of a lady to choose whether to have kids and the privilege of a lady and her specialist to settle on that choice without

Barron, S.L. “Abortion and Health.”121-138. Abortion and Sterilization. Ed. Jane E. Hodgson. New York: Academic Press, 1981. Print.

Most of the issues involved with wrongful conception cases have been adjudicated through the state courts from the 1960s to the present. Almost always they have ruled that parents cannot collect damages for the birth of a normal, healthy child, even as the result of medical malpractice through defective sterilization and contraception procedures or failure to carry out correct genetic testing or fully inform parents of the results. Nor have the courts ruled that the birth of a handicapped child is a life unworthy of living, and instead have argued for judicial restraint in making such legal and moral determinations. Even in the case of the severely handicapped, such as children with Down syndrome, American courts have not ruled that nonexistence would be preferable to living a limited life. On the other hand, the U.S. Supreme Court has recognized that parents can collect personal injury damages as the result the birth of an impaired or unplanned child, at least in the recovery of medical costs if not all the expenses of rearing the child to adulthood. State courts also allow the recovery of damages for medical expenses, training and treatment for handicapped children born as the result of failed abortion, contraception or sterilization. Due to the Roe v. Wade case of 1973, parents have the right to determine whether a child will be born or not, although recent efforts in

The idea of childbirth has been viewed in three peculiar ways: a social natural occurrence, as a passage to an early death, and in present times a medical procedure needed when having children. In the seventieth and eighteenth century childbirth was seen as a social celebration conducted by midwives, while in the nineteenth century fear of death arose due to an increase of maternal mortality rates. This time period also served as a transition time between the elimination of the midwife and the emergence of the physician. The transition was due to attitude changes and knowledge understanding. During the twentieth century, medical knowledge expanded and thus the idea of childbirth was medicalized into a medical procedure needed to have healthy children. Childbirth once seen as a natural phenomenon was now an event that needed medical attention by health facilitators at institutions of health. The ideas around childbirth developed based on the knowledge, cultural setting, mortality rates, and professionals available at the time. Based on these ideas it is easy to see how social and behavioral aspects influenced childbirth throughout the seventeenth, eighteenth, ninetieth and twentieth centuries. In addition, the communities’ views on childbirth were influenced by the development of public health infrastructure, public health policy advancement and how well public officials were able to disseminate information.

In this paper I will discuss the relevance of J.J. Thomson’s argument in her article, A Defense of Abortion, to that of pregnancy reduction and if there is any relevance, if there are exceptions or situations where that might change. J.J. Thomson’s argument in A Defense of Abortion is that the one thing a person has rights to is his/her body and the right to control what happens with it. Thomson also states that there is an innate desire and need for self-preservation that we all have that must additionally be considered.

The chapter starts the legal issues with sterilization, which is defined as preventing production by surgeries like vasectomy, oophorectomy, orchiectomy, salpingectomy, etc. These procedures can be perform voluntarily by choice with informed consent and compulsorily to prevent inheriting diseases – Not anymore. Another theme is wrongful birth for disable child and wrongful life, which cases brought behalf of the child because of physicians’ negligence. As mentioned in the text, most of courts decided that physicians are liable and responsible for wrongful birth within the statue of limitation to bring the case. However, only 4 states found that physicians are also liable for wrongful life. Dr. Horvath gave one example previously, which is that

A recent medical ethical controversy that resurfaces every few years is the debate of abortion. The Roe v. Wade US Supreme Court decision in 1973 made a significant change to abortion laws, giving women the choice to terminate pregnancy without requiring eminent health risks to the mother. (n.d., 2015) The ethical debate of abortion continues even with the practice being legal.

Embryonic stems are a controversial topic with morals and ethical issues. For embryonic stem cells to work you must destroy the early embryo. This in some people's eyes is destroying potential life in the embryo. There are some that believe that life begins in the blastula that has not embedded into the uterus wall. For life to occur the cell must be embedded. Religion plays a factor in the ethical dilemma in the topic because they believe it is alive and all life is precious. Stem cells can be used to heal people so they do not have to suffer. They can be used for damages to the spinal cord which is huge because the spinal cord does not heal. There are countless uses for stem cells but it all goes back to the ethical dilemma which is stem

A federal law must be created to ensure a state cannot take or utilize an infant's DNA without his or her parent's consent and approval. This may seem redundant, and one may assume a federal law is already in place; however, this is shockingly not the case. This brings into question what the state actually does with a person's DNA and where it goes after being accumulated during infancy. One concerned mother explains in a CNN article that she and her husband "were appalled" when being informed of this. The parent's asked, "...Why do they need to store my baby's DNA indefinitely?..."("The Government Has Your Baby's DNA"). These inquisitive parents, along with much of society, are extremely curious and eager to learn where a person's DNA goes after birth, and what types of activities DNA samples take part in after leaving the body.

Recent legal movements and rules are being placed within the practice of maternal mothers with focus on the protection of the fetus as a separate entity from the woman. These legalities are said to question the rights of the pregnant woman about her own medical care and decisions. The new protective actions for the fetus will enforce criminal charges on women who behave in a way that is associated with fetal harm or adverse perinatal outcomes. The ethical dilemmas with maternal decision making are being approached because it “constrains the pregnant woman’s decision making by punishing them which erode a woman’s basic rights to privacy and body integrity.” (ACOG, 2011) The technological advances of current imaging, testing, and treating of

In addition, there is a general difference between embryos in laboratory and embryos in the womb. The embryo in the womb has a definite chance of developing into a child unless a deliberate human act interrupts its growth, an embryo in the laboratory can only develop into a child if there is a deliberate human act (Singer and Dawson, 1988). To appear in a logical thinking, if there is a fire accident in the hospital laboratory and the fireman has to decide whether to save a newborn baby or embryos in Petri dishes, which one should he save? Technically, everyone would opt to save the newborn baby over the embryos in the Petri dishes, but this is not meant to say that embryos do not deserve a protection at all because of the fact that only one living being is saved instead of other and jumping into a quick conclusion that the unsaved

Typically, the issue of abortion in the United States has been one that has courted controversy and created a public, political, and moral divide. While some feel that abortion should be illegal, others feel it should be restricted. Still others feel it should be legal and freely accessed. Although there are many ethical phases which originate from the application of reproduction control in women’s health, the main issues that raise ethical problems following the development of assisted reproduction techniques are: the right to procreate or reproduce. Induce abortion raises ethical issues related to the rights of women versus the rights

Abortion is the medical procedure when it is induced on purpose to extract the fetus from the uterus. When abortion occurs without purpose, it is usually referred to as miscarriage; such instance causes psychological problems in a woman and affects her perception of the fetus. The number of moral and ethical considerations on the problem of abortions can be considered from a variety of perspectives that include economic, medical, social, and religious aspects of the phenomenon. Many case studies are based on the need to make a choice, especially when talking about professional duties of doctors and such medical practices, as Hippocratic Oath. The controversy occurs every time some people cannot accept the right of the woman to have an