The Ethics Of Gene Therapy

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Adversely, due to individual preferences and beliefs some may find the political instruction legalizing Gene Therapy unethical. Thus, whilst the impact of Gene Therapy is

Gene therapy is one of the newest, yet controversial solutions to treating many diseases, including Cystic Fibrosis. Gene therapy is the insertion of a normal gene into deficient cells using an appropriate vector (Hart, et al. 2006). However, it does have potential risks, leading to the argument of if they should be used or not, and if used, is a viral or non-viral approach better. It becomes complicated since many symptoms of these diseases begin in early childhood, and deciding whether or not to subject a child to these possible dangers is a hard choice, but do the benefits outweigh the risks? As stated above, Cystic Fibrosis can lead to early death, around 37 years old (Hulslander 2017), so if death is the impending result, shouldn’t every possible measure be examined, if not explored?

In the early nineteenth century, white supremacy and military individuals claimed that American Indians were dying out; however, other whites disagreed with this and believed that the American Indians were enduring and adapting to the new times under the influence of civilized whites; though there are sources from both sides, it is clear that American Indians did, in fact, endure the changing times and adapt to the modernizing America. American Indians were, from the start, viewed in two different ways by the whites of European descent in America. There were those of a more intolerant and racist nature that simply wished to use the American Indians as slaves or simply eliminate them entirely. The other faction however, believed that converting the American

In the United States, human gene therapy is not yet accepted as a full-functioning treatment because there are still risk factors to consider, it is only available as apart of a clinical trial. With gene therapy comes the issue with ethicality of it all and do the pros out-weigh the cons? The pros being its ability to eliminate a genetic diseases and prevent future generations from early-deaths and sufferings. According to Amy Marie Fleck, “Gene therapy is a ‘medicine’ for the future […]” A common concern among the scientific community is ‘what if the virus does not go to the assigned destination and targets another DNA section?’ That mistake could ultimately lead to a tumor growing and developing or increase the size of another tumor that is already in formation. Therefore if the

The fallbacks and progress of gene therapy are the inherent products of research that have affected its ethical aspects. Initially, when gene therapy was a novice, it gained popularity when scientific research grew toward recognizing genes that caused certain diseases (Hunt 2006). The concept of using gene therapy to cure patients diagnosed with these types of diseases became popular in the 1980’s (Hunt 2006). Starting at this period of time, gene therapy has had its ups and downs that either led the public into outrage or hope (Hunt 2006). The growing interest of gene therapy was accompanied with the controversial success of a child’s, Ashanthi’s, health who suffered from (SCID) severe combined

Although the treatment is costly and only available in clinical trials, gene therapy has treated some of the most known diseases, like Parkinson’s disease. People who are for gene therapy believe that it will change our world by getting rid of sickness. They think of a world without cancer and Parkinson’s disease. However, the people against gene therapy see a world with technology overtaking civilization. In their eyes, they think that gene therapy is wrong because of the side effects and the concept behind it. In addition, when thinking about gene therapy, the opposers conjecture that changing the genetic makeup of someone affected with genetic illness is wrong. I, on the other hand, believe that changing the genetic makeup of someone that is ill and suffering is exceptional because it is to their advantage. All in all, gene therapy is a heavily debated topic, but I believe that gene therapy can change our world in a positive

Gene therapy is a relatively new area of medicine that attempts to apply recent advances in molecular biology, genetics and biotechnology to the treatment of human diseases. Gene therapy uses a set of approaches to the treatment of human disease based on the transfer of genetic material (DNA) into an individual. Gene delivery can be achieved either by direct administration of gene-containing viruses or DNA to blood or tissues, or indirectly through the introduction of cells manipulated in the laboratory to harbor foreign DNA. As a sophisticated extension of conventional medical therapy, gene therapy attempts to treat disease in an individual patient by the administration of DNA rather than a drug. (1)

Gene therapy is an experimental form of treatment, where normal genes are placed into missing or defective ones in order to correct or alter genetic disorders. In other terms, it is the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid polymers into a patient 's cells as a drug to treat disease (Gennady, 2015). After many attempts at modifying human DNA by nuclear gene transfer as well as insertion of human DNA in the nuclear genome, the first successful gene therapy was in 1990 where it was used to cure four-year-old Ashanti DaSilva who had Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (IDF 2013 National Conference). Since then gene therapy has been used to cure and treat serious diseases such as Chronic Granulomatus Disorder, Hemophilia, and a wide variety of Cancers, and other genetic and acquired diseases (American Society of GENE & CELL THERAPHY, online).

Because gene therapy involves changing the human body, it comes with its set of ethical concerns, which are not answered fully nor so rapidly. Until such scientific and technological advancements, people dealt with their genetic inequality (if faced with one) as their reality, as part of their life until they died. But with the advent of gene therapy, people may have a choice to deal with their genetic inequalities, even though it may not threaten their health or way of life. Dealing with genetic inequalities that are not dangerous to a person’s health follows a eugenic aura. It questions the normality of a person and categorizes genetic inequalities as disabilities. Also, it treats the latter as diseases needed to be cured and/or prevented.

Germ line therapy could help to change the genetic pool of this individual and the future generations would live with the change, with not as many cases of cystic fibrosis. It is believed not to be ethical to go through with germ line therapy as if this process is completed successfully, it is a possibility to fully eliminate this disease from a family and potentially the population, forever. The other form of gene therapy is somatic gene therapy; somatic means relating to or affecting the body systems. Somatic gene therapy involves changing the defected gene, but this change does not come through in the next generation. It is believed that somatic gene therapy is more ethical than germ line therapy as it is not changing gene pools and the future generations.

If a treatment is implicated before the child is born – germline gene therapy – he or she could lose all trace of that defective gene, and therefore wouldn’t pass the disease on to future generations. In somatic gene therapy, treatment is conducted when the patient is an

Gene therapy is legal in the U.S. but all of its experiments and equipment are under close examination by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), the Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Although gene therapy is not illegal in the U.S. some federal laws have placed restrictions on funding and use, under Congress's power to spend. It is banned in many countries but mainly for strong ethical views scientists, doctors, priests, and the common people hold.

Most people die from sickness or have relatives that do, since genetic mutations directly cause many anomalies and greatly contribute to others. It is even estimated that, “About 4,000 diseases have been traced to gene disorders. Current and possible candidates for gene therapy include cancer, AIDS, cystic fibrosis, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig 's disease), cardiovascular disease and arthritis” (“Gene Therapy”). There are myriad genetic disorders, and even more people who could be helped with gene alteration. Theoretically, gene therapy could be used to replace any protein imaginable, making it an effective treatment for a multitude of genetic defects. Many different ailments are severely affecting the quality of life of those burdened with them, and now there may be a way to help. In fact, they may even be entitled to it, as the Declaration of Independence states, “[everyone is] endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness” (US 1776). Everybody has the right to live without fear or threat, no matter where it stems from. Inherited diseases are a great threat to the wellbeing of many, and were originally impossible to relieve. Now that treatment is available, those who are plagued by life-threatening illnesses ought to have the right to live normally

Drug smuggling is considered as one of the illegal trades responsible for creating diverse negative impacts on the society as well as the global community, hence, the concerted efforts placed by many governments targeting at curbing it. This essay aims at analyzing the prevalence of the problem of drug smuggling in various countries and to point out potential reason that escalate the menace despite existence of efforts targeted at preventing it. Furthermore, the paper targets at offering reasons that prompt an individual to engage in smuggling activities as well as the resultant consequences to the society. Finally, it will offer recommendations on the best course of action that will foster prevention of the problem of drug smuggling in the global community.