As the home to many deadly creatures, Australia could be considered the most venomous place on the planet. As a result it is also one of the world leaders in research into venom and anti-venom, leading the way towards a future in which venoms may be just as much of a ‘friend’ to humans as they are ‘foe.’ This gives rise to the statement ‘venoms can be both friend and foe for humans,’ which is presently supported by a vast wealth of scientific research and anecdotal evidence. This essay will investigate whether venoms truly can be regarded as ‘both friend and foe,’ through the examination of venom, its effects on homeostasis in the human body and the possible consequences and benefits that could arise from these effects.
Homeostasis refers
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The stimulus response model shown in Figure 1 gives a general sense of the interplay between these components, demonstrating the feedback loop employed in a standard homeostatic response.
Figure 1
Homeostasis is typically achieved through the process of negative feedback, in which any deviation from the steady state is detected by the receptor, activating mechanisms that counteract the change. Positive feedback is another type of feedback, however it enhances the original stimulus rather than reducing it and can cause potentially damaging effects for the organism (Saladin, n.d.). Negative feedback is therefore the more common mechanism of feedback regulation.The endocrine system, for example, is particularly vital in homeostasis as it releases hormones that control the activity of the body’s cells, and, through feedback regulation, is able to initiate a response that regulates the development and metabolism of most body systems and cells. Homeostasis can be altered by external influences such as nutrition, psychological health, physical health and toxins. Venoms contain toxins that affect homeostasis by targeting vital body systems, necessitating effective homeostatic regulation in order to stabilise the body’s internal environment so as to avert the potential destruction of an entire system, which would shortly lead to death (Biozine, 2012).
The stimulus response model
“Homeostasis in a general sense refers to stability or balance in a system. It is the body's attempt to maintain a constant internal environment. Maintaining a stable internal environment requires constant monitoring and adjustments as conditions change” (Human Physiology/Homeostasis, 2016). Negative feedback will operate to return Mrs. Loiselle’s body back to homeostasis in such a way her body, system responds in which it reverse the direction of changes. Since negative feedback tends to keep things constant, it allows the maintenance of homeostasis. As Mrs. Loiselle’s fainted by going for the run without eating something from last evening that made her week and she lost an enormous amount of energy in her exercise through sweating continuously. That made her dehydrated and because
Homeostasis is a characteristic of life in which all Living things maintain. some of the traits of Homeostasis are perspiration and some form of breathing and other natural body functions. An example of a negative feedback mechanism is a Thermostat If the heat is turned on and is set at 80 degrees the heat is turned on, If the temperature drops below 80 degrees, After the heater heats the house to 80 degrees, it shuts off keeping the desired temperature. An example of a positive feedback system is when a baby is born. while the mother is in labor, a hormone is released that boosts and quickens her contractions. The more contractions causes more of that Hormone to be let out and it continues to goes on until the
In discussing the difficult subject of biomedical ethics, there are different scenarios that play out differently because of people’s views about morality. Consider the scenario of an eighty year-old man whom we will call Mr. Simpson. Years of getting the flu with complications has left Mr. Simpson’s lungs very weak and unable to take another year of the flu. In fact another year of the flu will likely kill him. He does not want the flu shot because he sincerely believes that the actual flu shot will give him the flu. With further research, the doctor and the family find that Mr. Simpson will accept an immune boosting shot only. If the physician lies to Mr. Simpson about the injection then he will
Usually, homeostasis should be maintained using the stimulus-response model. In this model, the stimulus is the changes or variations in the internal environment of your body, and will be detected by receptors. Then, the control centre (your brain and spinal
Homeostasis is a biological process that maintains a constant internal environment, regardless of what is going on in the external environment. This process ensures the bodily functions and chemicals are kept in a state of balance which in return allows the body to function optimally. Homeostasis requires coordination of the hormonal (endocrine system) and nervous systems, which together regulate the activity of the body’s organ systems. The regulatory activities are constantly adjusted in response to stimuli (change) from both the internal and external environment. A change influenced by the external environment can cause a state in the body that will take it away from the normal, the body will act to counteract this change and return the internal environment back to a steady state. This is negative feedback. Negative feedback has a stabilising effect reducing changes from a set point and returning internal conditions to a steady state. Most body systems e.g. controlling blood glucose levels, obtains homeostasis through negative feedback which makes the negative feedback system critically important in obtaining homeostasis. However there is also positive feedback which is a system that results in the escalation of a response to a stimulus. It causes instability in the system and is used when there is a specific outcome required. Positive feedback ceases once the natural resolution is reached e.g. baby is born, pathogen is destroyed, blood clot forms. This system is not used
Homeostasis is described as the body's ability to maintain internally stable conditions. Each organ plays a huge role in maintaining this stability.
All systems must have homeostasis to maintain stability and to survive. Homeostasis is so important because it can allow an animal to adapt to a changing environment. The body attempts to maintain a constant level of physical output to achieve homeostasis. However, it can only work within its limits, where extreme conditions can disable the negative feedback mechanism.
Homeostasis is the body’s way of maintaining a steady balance in the internal organs regardless of fluctuations in the external environment. Homeostasis is an important function in all humans and animals as keeping a stable environment requires constant adjustments as the environment changes. Homeostasis requires the coordination of both the endocrine (hormonal) and nervous systems; they regulate the body’s internal organs.
The moral response would be to save the child. One could only imagine that it would be in the child’s best interest to save their life. It would then be considered immoral not to save the child, because then the child might drown, and therefore die. There are two arguments that back this response and they are: The Argument That We Should Save as Many as We Can, and also the Argument from the Sanctity of Human Life.
Among the different living organisms on our earth planet, there is competition for resources, the ecosystem supporting life of venomous organisms and always survival of the fittest (Darwin, 1859). Venomous animals are well known in our world as a subject of fear and fascination for many people. Venomous animals distributed in several regions around the world especially in the tropics and subtropics regions. It is now accepted that there are more than 100.000 venomous animal species throughout the world. Only a very small fraction of these animals has been investigated with regard to their venom composition (He et al., 2008). Most of the venomous animal species are found in multiple phyla such as Chordata (reptiles, fishes and amphibians), Arthropoda (arachnids and insects), Mollusca (cone snails), Echinodermata (starfishes and sea urchins) and Cnidarian (sea anemones, jellyfish and corals). Furthermore, venomous animals are known in our world as those
Homeostasis uses a feedback mechanism called negative feedback meaning that it works from feedback it receives about changes that need to be made. The mechanism responds to the normal range of environmental factors because the receptors sense that a change needs to be
It is a mistake to think that our conscious thought governs the healing processes of our body. The only thing our conscious thought governs is our subjective state of our mind. Subjective (sub-conscious) patterns of thought can facilitate or complicate the healing process, but they do not govern it. Healing is governed by the nature of Life, the way It works, the Law of God. Do not mistake this Law for the judicial rules and laws of mankind. There is nothing personal about the Law that governs healing. It is an entirely impersonal process.
Witcombe, J., & Sanchez, J. (2004). Food systems and security helping the poor cope. Retrieved from http://www.id21.org/health/InsightsHealth5art3.html
Venomic studies showed that venoms have important biological properties as they act on numerous molecular receptors and target neurons, the synapse, axons and the neuromuscular junctions thus targeting nervous system by regulating the propagations and the generation of action potentials. Extracting all these information about their biological properties, venomics focused on the selectictivity of venoms to specific receptors that are associated with various diseases and creating new drugs against them (Escoubas et al., 2008).
The three basic components of feedback system are receptor, integrating center and effector. For the feed back to work, the body will feel stimuli in its environment causing the receptor to act on that change. The receptor monitors the change and send a signal through the afferent pathway an inputting the information into the integrating central. The Integrating center, usually the brain evaluates the input from the receptor and output the command through the efferent pathway. Effector, generally it will be a gland or muscle receives the command and act upon authority to the set point. There are two basic types of communication negative feedback and positive feedback. Most homeostasis is negative feedback the effector will reverse the change returning the body to a normal state. Positive feedback, reinforce the change in the effector driving it in the direction of completion.