The Etiology Of Breast Cancer

Over the past decade breast cancer has become one of the most predominant diseases in the United States. Breast cancer starts out as a malignant tumor in the tissues of the breast which is formed from the uncontrolled growth of abnormal breast cells. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, but it can also appear in men. (Stephan, 2010)

The baseline cohort was retrieved from the SEER9 database and consisted of females diagnosed with breast cancer as a first primary cancer identified by diagnosis codes from the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology

Cancer is defined by the National Cancer Institute as ?the title given to a group of related diseases. All types of cancer are categorized by uncontrollable growth of cells that metastasize to surrounding tissues.? Cancer can develop at almost any part of the human body and anyone can develop cancer, although risk typically increases with age because most cancers tend to require many years to develop. ?Typically, human cells tend to grow and divide and ultimately form new cells as the body needs them. When an organisms cells grow old or get damaged, the cells die, and new ones replace them. However when cancer

This paper aims to provide the gaps in our understanding of breast cancer by examining the functions and to enhance our ability to distinguish the anatomy of female human breast. The author also attempts a better understanding of some of the different types of human breast cancer namely: ductal carcinoma in situ, lobular carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma and invasive lobular carcinoma. It is hoped that this paper will inform those who do not have the understanding and knowledge about the risk factors, diagnosis, treatments and preventions of the breast cancer.

An effective breast cancer treatment in some women can be traced to the root of the disease. Some of the most aggressive form of breast cancers are caused by a transmembrane receptor protein known as Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) which is a member of the HER family of receptor tyrosine kinase. Approximately 20,000 HER2 receptor are normally expressed on surface of healthy breast cell however, in about 25% of breast cancer cells the HER2 protein is overexpressed resulting in tumour cells with as many as over 2 million receptors present on their surface. This cancer is known as HER2 positive (HER2+). The effect of HER2 overexpression is an increase in receptor mediated intracellular signalling causing the cell

Breast cancer is a disease in which certain cells in the breast become abnormal and multiply uncontrollably to form a tumor. Breast cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in women. (Only skin cancer is more common.) About one in eight women in the United States will develop invasive breast cancer in her lifetime. Researchers estimate that more than 230,000 new cases of invasive breast cancer will be diagnosed in U.S. women in 2015. Cancers occur when a buildup of mutations in critical genes—those that control cell growth and division or repair damaged DNA—allow cells to grow and divide uncontrollably to form a tumor. Breast cancer can be caused by inherited genetic factors. These genetic

Invasive lobular carcinoma is a medical term that is also known as “Infiltrating Lobular Carcinoma.” Lobular carcinoma is cancer within the glands and and lobules. Invasive lobular carcinoma is when the cancer passes the wall of lobules and glands and spreads to the tissue around the breast. This specific cancer is the second most common type of breast cancer woman are diagnosed with. Both women and men can get lobular carcinoma. Normal mens breast don’’t contain lobules (milk ducts) therefore it is very rare for men to be diagnosed.

     Breast cancer, a very painful disease emotionally and physically for women, can also be detected with genetic testing. The majority of cases of breast cancer are not the result of known inherited mutations, but rather from two breast cancer susceptibility genes: BRCA1 and BRCA2. Although the two genes are similar, BRCA1 mutations lead to estrogen receptor negative

A recent prospective study has demonstrated a substantial rate of discordance in hormone receptor status (40% discordance in ER/PgR status and 8% discordance in Her2 status) between primary and suspected metastatic lesions in women with breast cancer. This study has also linked changes in hormone receptor status with impact on management, and proved that 20% of patients had a significant change in their management plan (Simmons et al,

Breast cancer is a malignant tumor in the glandular tissues of the breast. Such tumors, also called carcinomas, form when the chemical processes that control normal cell growth break down, enabling a single abnormal cell to multiply at a rapid rate (Hickman). Carcinomas,

definite etiology of breast cancer is still unknown, as it is a disease of the cell genome, but various Genetic factors seem to be involved. An association with certain genes, particularly autosomal dominant genes like BRCA1, and BRCA2, other genes are p53, CHK2, ATM, STK11, PTEN, and MMR. (50)

Breast Cancer Stages: Once the patient has been determined to have a malignant tumor or is gone through the diagnosis of breast cancer, the healthcare professionals will categorize it in staging method to communicate how far the ailment has progressed.

Breasts are a natural organ in the male and female anatomy. It is a structure that is mainly used in the production of milk; to lactate. The female breasts are mainly composed of adipose tissue which contains a high amount of fat cells. The adipose tissue is not only contained within the axillary area of our thoracic cavity, but it also extends superiorly to the collarbone and inferiorly down to our ribcage as well. In women, within our breasts, we have lobules which are connected by the milk ducts that give us the ability to lactate milk exiting through the nipple making it possible for females to nurse. The location of those lobes and lobules are scatter within the fibrous and adipose tissue within our thoracic cavity. The breast anatomy of the male is fairly similar with the exception of the lack of lobules that are needed for lactation. The way nutrients are delivered to the milk in the breasts are from the blood supply traveling within the internal mammary artery which is just slightly beneath the breast tissue. Becoming informed about this inevitable cancer can be very helpful for yourself, family, friends, and the people around you. To be able to understand the causes, preventions, and treatment options for this common type of cancer mostly in women can aid in future needs.

There are four stages of breast cancer. The Stage 0 is noninvasive breast cancer, that is, carcinoma in situ with no affected lymph nodes or metastasis. Stage zero is the most favorable. Now Stage 1 breast cancer is less than two centimeters in greatest dimension and is only in the breasts. In Stage 2, the cancer is no larger than two centimeters but it has spread to the lymph nodes under the arm. The

Breast cancer is a serious disease that takes place in the cells of the breast. It is detected in many things, such as finding a lump or a change in how the breast looks. It is important to know how breast cancer works and the many parts that contribute to the knowledge of the disease. Famous actress Angelina Jolie brought breast cancer into the spotlight when she decided to get a double mastectomy. In the article “The Angelina Effect” that came from Times magazine, she reveals her reasons for getting the surgery, which was received with much controversy and mixed opinions. In this following paper, the genes that contribute to breast cancer, genetic testing, breast cancer being passed down, and Angelina