The European Union ( Eu )

Today, France is one of the most modern countries in the world and is the leader among European nations. It plays a powerful international role as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, NATO, the G-8, the G-20, the EU, and other multilateral organizations.

How significant has been the development of the EU’s policies concerning the protection of the natural environmental and climate change? What problems have confronted policy-makers in-framing and delivering such policies?

The European Union launched the economic and monetary union (EMU) of Europe on January 1st, 1999. January 1st of 2002 marked the establishment of a single currency through the introduction of euro bills and coins to 12 EU states. Formally called the “eurozone”, the movement to a single currency has developed as 18 EU member states currently use the euro. Desiring further political integration, the EMU was designed to maintain price stability through a central bank known as the European Central Bank (ECB). Although economic certainty was the goal, a financial crisis that erupted within the eurozone lead to questions about the credibility of the EMU. The debate over political integration was furthered by the introduction of ideas for increased fiscal federalism, similar to the current policies within the United States currency union. For a monetary union to succeed, a fiscal union is necessary to solve the vulnerabilities of the EMU and supervise national policy to prevent macroeconomic imbalances throughout Europe. However, the dispute over political centralization impedes the establishment of such a fiscal system within the upcoming decade.

EU stands for the European Union which was invented after the Second World War. The EU is a special economic and political partnership between 28 European countries together which covers more than half of the continent. EU purpose was to unite the european countries economically and politically and to bring peace to Europe (Europa.eu, N/A). EU was formed on April of 1951 by six countries which were France, Italy, Belgium, West Germany, Luxembourg and Netherlands. United Kingdom joined the EU on January 1973. On this year the United Kingdom started to follow EU law. Therefore, UK has three main sources of law which are statutory law (Act of Parliament), Case law and EU law. All of them could affect any business in various ways depend on business type, size, policies and etc. New countries which want to join EU must sign a treaty to become a member and to commit to their rules. There are five main bodies in EU: the Act Of Parliament, European Commission, European Council, Court of European Justice and Court of Auditors. Each body has its own specific things to be done (Keenan D. and Riches S., 2005). This report will discuss how United Kingdom’s membership of the European Union affects the business community, especially in the free movements, free trade, competition law and employment law.

The European Union (EU) legislation has gone through evolution through many treaties in order to establish a better democratic legitimacy of its legislative procedure. It has been discussed that the core elements of democratic legitimacy can be found in two dimensions, the input-dimension and the output-dimension. The input-dimensions focuses more on citizens’ rights and possibilities for participation and contestation, and their right to elect their own representatives. Besides that, the input-dimension also described that in order for democratic legitimacy to be achieved, the representatives within the EU must be accountable through transparent procedures of election and government in the representative in the system that must be in

The European Union (EU) is the union of economic, monetary and political with twenty-seven Member States. They work together, in order to get particular advantages for their countries. This has been argued by Bickerton, the shift from nation-states to Member States led to a subtle and not unproblematic. However, the countries are free to choose want to join or withdraw from the EU. EU consists of various institutions, but with only three institutions are involved in the EU legislative process. These are the Council, the European Parliament and the European Commission. Over the years the EU has been expanded, consequently various treaties have been signed to work together. The latest treaty is the Lisbon Treaty, which was an

On the 23rd of June 2016, the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union (EU); an event now commonly dubbed “Brexit”. This decision means that the UK will be the first country to leave the common market that is the EU, where a common market is defined as a “group formed by countries within a geographical area to promote duty free trade and free movement of labour and capital among its members” (What is common market? Definition and meaning, 2017). Trade deals with other countries are organised by the EU on behalf of its member states, as well as the rules and regulations governing business activity within the common market. As a result, leaving the EU is likely to result in huge implications for small to medium sized

The European Union (EU) is the most successful supranational organization in the world to promote and spread democracy. Without the values and result-based monitoring systems structured through this organization, Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), and ultimately the entire world would be a significantly different place. The EU’s uniqueness and undeniable success stems from its strategic use of integration as key to enlargement and the effective ‘Europeanization’ of countries. Though there are dissenters who would argue the European Union’s lack of effectiveness in the enlargement process since 1989, there is value in noting that enlargement is an on-going phenomenon and not an entity with an expiry date.

The European Union (EU) does not have an unlimited power to act. The limits of Union competences are governed by the principle of conferral. Under the principle of conferral, the Union shall act within the limits of the competences conferred upon it by the Member States (MS) in the Treaties. The central debate about competence is with regard to the principle that the EC operates within the confines of attributed powers tends to be obscured by an open-handed reading of the matter in practice. The Articles of EC are broadly worded, with little restrictions. For example, Article 95 EC provides the Council the power to pass directives and regulations so as to facilitate harmonization of the internal market. It is a residual provision that operates, “save where otherwise provided in this Treaty”. This could be translated as a general power of regulating the market. Also Article 308 EC empowers the Community to legislate where it is “necessary to attain, in the course of the operation of the common market, one of the objectives of the Community and this Treaty has not provided necessary powers”. These broadly framed Articles can be dangerous because it becomes impossible to have a clear conceptual outer limit to the residual provisions. In addition, subsidiarity and proportionality have not performed well as devices for restraining the political desire to exercise a competence once granted. The malady is captured by the catchphrase competence creep.

Germany has become Europe’s most powerful country. Germany now has the continent’s strongest and biggest economy. Germany’s economy accounts for a fifth of the European Union’s output and a quarter of its exports. Germany has a jobless rate of 5.4%, which is less than half of Europe’s average. Youth employment in Germany is at a 20-year low. Germany’s budget is balanced, government debt is decreasing, and long-term bond yields are the lowest in Europe. Germany is the largest creditor country in Europe, and as chief paymaster it has the biggest clout in deciding the single currency’s future.

With regards to the European Union (EU), its democratic deficit attracts one of the highest levels of attention and discussion. Its importance is clearly seen in the Treaty of Lisbon’s preamble which states that it aims to “enhance the ‘democratic legitimacy of the Union”’ . The EU is the first and most advanced form of supranationalism – a regional or international institution with its own governing institutions and structures in modern history. Due to the EU’s unique characteristics, it is not easy to decide what the standards to evaluate democracy should be . However, for the purpose of this essay, the EU’s democratic performance shall be evaluated based on the principle of subsidiarity, accountability, representativeness and

What are the principal institutions of the European Union? To what extent do these institutions engage with the sources of EU law?

The European Union (EU) is an economical and political union of nations, established in 1993,

One of the main objectives of the European Union (EU) is the establishment of the internal market, which shall consist of “area without internal frontiers in which the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital is ensured. The internal market is based upon a customs union achieved through the abolition of the imposition of customs duties and charges having an equivalent effect and the prohibition of discriminatory taxes on intra-EU imports. The internal market is enhanced by the provisions on free movement of workers, freedom of establishment, free movement of services, and free movement of capital. Whereas Articles 28 to 30 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) provide for the establishment of an EU common external tariff and the elimination of customs duties, Articles 34 and 35 of the TFEU (with exceptions under Article 36) go further, and prohibit quantitative restrictions and measures having equivalent effect. Taken together, Articles 28 to 32 and 34 to 36 serve to ensure the free movement of goods within the EU and to facilitate the operation of the internal market.

The European Union It is an economic and political partnership between 28 countries where certain decisions are settle